Morning Briefing
Summaries of health policy coverage from major news organizations
From 麻豆女优 Health News - Latest Stories:
麻豆女优 Health News Original Stories
High Court鈥檚 Decision On Same Sex Marriage Expected To Boost Health Coverage Among Gay Couples
By marrying partners with employer health plans, people in same-sex relationships are more likely to gain coverage.
State, L.A. Near Deal To Boost Nursing Home Inspections
Supervisors are slated to vote Tuesday on a contract that would provide nearly $15M in additional state funds to hire 70 more staffers.
Burwell Says There Is Still 鈥榃ork To Do鈥 On Health Law
After Supreme Court鈥檚 ruling, the HHS secretary says the administration faces challenges to enroll more people in marketplace plans and expand Medicaid.
Disability Advocates Fight Assisted Suicide Measures
Disability rights advocates are speaking up in opposition to a bill currently being considered by California legislators that would allow terminally ill patients to get prescriptions to end their lives. Their opposition stems from worries that if it becomes law, depression and incorrect prognoses may lead people with serious disabilities to end their lives prematurely.
Summaries Of The News:
Coverage And Access
Same-Sex Marriage Ruling Likely To Impact Employer-Provided Health Benefits
Sandra Haggard, a 71-year-old professor, has been in a committed relationship with her partner, Lynne Lamstein, for more than two decades. They never had plans to marry 鈥 nor do they now 鈥 even though same-sex marriage has been declared a constitutional right. But ever since same-sex marriage became legalized two years ago in Maine, where the couple lives part of the year, Ms. Haggard said she has had a niggling worry that her employer, the University of Maine, might eliminate domestic partner health coverage for Ms. Lamstein, 66, a freelance writer. Ms. Lamstein uses Ms. Haggard鈥檚 plan because Medicare does not cover a medication that she needs. (Bernard, 6/28)
The right to marry in any state won鈥檛 be the only gain for gay couples from last week鈥檚 Supreme Court ruling. The decision will probably boost health insurance among gay couples as same-sex spouses get access to employer plans, say analysts and benefits consultants. (Hancock, 6/29)
The landmark U.S. Supreme Court 5-4 decision Friday granting all same-sex couples the right to marry throughout the country is significant for civil rights, but it also will likely change the health insurance landscape. Now that same-sex marriage is legal in every state, more employees will add their same-sex partners to their health plans. But it's also likely that a number of employers will soon drop their domestic partnership benefits and instead require employees to marry if they want to extend coverage to their partners. (Schencker and Herman, 6/26)
The Supreme Court鈥檚 decision to legalize gay marriage nationwide will force major changes in states鈥 Medicaid programs as well as affect the Obamacare exchanges. With the court鈥檚 landmark 5-4 ruling on Friday, a state鈥檚 Medicaid program must now recognize same-sex couples who are married when they apply for eligibility, regardless of where they got married. (Pradhan, 6/26)
Public employers including Texas agencies, universities and schools may now be required to extend benefits to spouses of married gay employees in light of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling Friday that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry. (Ura, 6/26)
From family leave policies to survivor benefits, legalized same-sex marriage will affect how Michigan employers offer health care and workplace benefits to workers. Yet the full financial and legal ramifications of Friday's U.S. Supreme Court decision on businesses are not yet known. (Reindl and Witsil, 6/27)
Health Law
In Wake Of Supreme Court's Health Law Decision, Burwell Says There's Still 'Work To Do'
Burwell also knew that the initial media reports could be wrong, recalling what happened the last time the court ruled on a challenge to the law. 鈥淎re we sure?鈥 she asked her staff. She took a moment to lean over a staff member鈥檚 shoulder to read the decision on a laptop as staff members double-checked the opinion, according to an official in the room. The mood in the room was joyful but also relieved. Some staff members cried. (Sun, 6/27)
Could she believe what she heard? Sitting in her office Thursday morning, Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Burwell saw on her computer screen that the Supreme Court was about to announce its ruling on a challenge that could cripple the health law. "You knew this was it," she said." (Carey, 6/26)
Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Mathews Burwell said she had had a 鈥渧ery emotional鈥 Thursday morning awaiting a decision in the case brought against her over the Obama administration鈥檚 implementation of the Affordable Care Act health law. Ms. Burwell 鈥 the Burwell of King v. Burwell 鈥 said she was one of the tens of thousands who had tuned in to the SCOTUSBlog website to see if a decision would come down on her case Thursday, and was, at the same time, reading a memo from staff 鈥 distractedly, she confessed. (Radnofsky, 6/26)
The U.S. official overseeing Obamacare said on Friday she has not seen any indication that states will back away from running their own health insurance marketplaces now that the Supreme Court has validated the federal insurance exchange. Sylvia Burwell, secretary of Health and Human Services, also said she expected enrollment in both the state and federal health insurance exchanges established under the 2010 Affordable Care Act -- called Obamacare -- to decline from 10.2 million currently to 9.1 million by the end of 2015. That was the number her department had originally set as a goal for 2015. (Cornwell, 6/26)
Like much of Washington鈥檚 health policy scene, HHS Secretary Sylvia Mathews Burwell was logged into SCOTUSBlog on Thursday morning. Sitting in her office in HHS鈥檚 mammoth headquarters, she was trying to multitask: reviewing a memo while following the live blog of Supreme Court opinions, just in case the King v. Burwell decision came down. (Haberkorn, 6/26)
High Court Ruling May Encourage More States To Join Healthcare.gov
The Supreme Court ruling upholding subsidies on the federal health-insurance exchange may prompt state-run exchanges to forge regional networks or use the federal marketplace. Many of the dozen states operating exchanges under the Affordable Care Act are encountering financial strains, and could join the three dozen states already using the federal marketplace, HealthCare.gov. Some policy experts say it鈥檚 possible most of those states will eventually do just that, creating a largely national exchange program. (Armour, 6/26)
The Supreme Court upheld a key part of the Affordable Care Act on Thursday, enabling health insurance subsidies to all qualifying Americans. The ruling firmly establishes the legality of Obamacare, but quite a few states had already moved forward in creating their own insurance exchanges. ... Levitt says now that the health care law is here to stay, those states may want to think about letting Healthcare.gov take over. (Allington, 6/26)
Many people opposed to the ACA foresaw situations like [M.L.] Simone's leading to the law's eventual downfall. Anti-ACA pundits predicted people would enroll and never even make their first payments or would stop paying when they found the premiums unaffordable. But that is not what appears to be happening - either to Simone or to marketplace enrollees nationwide. (Calandra, 6/28)
Critics Of Obamacare Recalibrate After High Court Decision
Many opponents of the health law are putting away their legal wrecking balls and reaching for chisels. Thomas Miller, one of the strategists behind the Supreme Court case that aimed to strike down subsidies on the federal exchange, said he thought he would be celebrating now. But after Thursday鈥檚 decision upholding the subsidies, he is setting up meetings to discuss narrower attacks on the Affordable Care Act. (Armour, 6/26)
The country finally has an opportunity to change the subject on health care, after the Supreme Court again upheld President Barack Obama's law. There's no shortage of pressing issues, including prescription drug prices, high insurance deductibles and long-term care. But moving on will take time, partly because many Republicans want another chance to repeal the Affordable Care Act if they win the White House and both chambers of Congress next year. (6/29)
The politics of ObamaCare are shifting. A law that helped Republicans sweep into the House majority in 2010 and that contributed to Democrats losing the Senate four years later may be becoming a bigger political problem for the GOP than it is a liability for Democrats. The Supreme Court鈥檚 ruling on Thursday virtually guarantees that the law will remain in place for the rest of President Obama鈥檚 tenure, further entrenching ObamaCare as a new entitlement to stand alongside Medicare and Social Security. (Sullivan and Ferris, 6/29)
Five former HHS secretaries 鈥 including three Republicans 鈥 praised the Affordable Care Act and said it鈥檚 time for the country to stop fighting over the law and start making it work better. The secretaries, from the Ford, Clinton, Obama and both Bush administrations, didn鈥檛 embrace Obamacare with equal enthusiasm, but all applauded the coverage expansion and said it created opportunities to improve Americans鈥 health. (Kenen, 6/28)
The next bit of scrutiny on SCOTUScare 鈥 to borrow a new name for the federal health reform act coined by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia 鈥 ... is all about the workplace now that health insurance tax credits are securely in place. The jeopardy of tax credits overshadowed that employers have big changes ahead under the employer mandate of the Affordable Care Act. The Supreme Court affirmed in King vs. Burwell Thursday the federal government's position that tax credits, which help many people afford monthly insurance premiums, are available on both federally and state-run exchanges. (Fletcher, 6/28)
If you thought the legal fight over the health care overhaul was finally over, think again. At least four issues related to the Affordable Care Act still are being sorted out in the courts, although none seems to pose the same threat to the law as the challenge to nationwide subsidies that the court rejected on Thursday, or the constitutional case that the justices decided in favor of the law in 2012. (6/26)
President Obama declared Thursday that "the Affordable Care Act is here to stay," after winning yet another round in the Supreme Court. But the battle's not over -- a host of legal and political challenges remain, and if anything, Republicans say they are more emboldened than ever to repeal the law. (Beaucar Vlahos, 6/26)
Now that President Barack Obama鈥檚 landmark health care law has twice been upheld by the nation鈥檚 highest court, Georgia鈥檚 state and federal leaders are coming to the begrudging recognition that the legislation won鈥檛 be changed any time soon. (Bluestein and Malloy, 6/27)
Following Supreme Court Ruling, Alaska State Senator Urges Governor To Expand Medicaid
A prominent Democrat in the state Senate is calling on Governor Bill Walker to expand Medicaid in Alaska without approval from the legislature. Anchorage Senator Bill Wielechowski says now that the U.S. Supreme Court has upheld insurance subsidies in Alaska there is no reason for the governor not to expand Medicaid. (Feidt, 6/26)
Now that the Supreme Court has preserved Obamacare health insurance subsidies nationwide, states find they鈥檙e again confronting some tough choices on how to implement the law. (Pradhan and Ehley, 6/29)
Campaign 2016
Kasich, Christie Poised To Announce Presidential Bids
Ohio Gov. John Kasich, who's spent the year testing his scrappy political style and pragmatic policy positions around the country, plans to formally enter the 2016 presidential race July 21. ... He also is known for going off script and for pulling no punches about political positions he sees as practical though they might anger fellow Republicans. Kasich advocated income-tax cuts and expanded Medicaid under the federal health care law and has taken on oil-and-gas producers while supporting Common Core education standards. (6/29)
Despite his late start, Kasich will be one of the most closely watched candidates 鈥 partly because Ohio is such a crucial presidential state, putting Kasich on many short lists for vice president. (Allen, 6/28)
When New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie enters the race for president this week, he鈥檒l do so as an underdog. ... With a new slogan 鈥 鈥淭elling it like it is鈥 鈥 Christie will also play up his brash persona, presenting himself as someone unafraid to take on unpopular issues such as overhauling Social Security and Medicare. (Colvin, 6/29)
Infuriated by a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that kept President Barack Obama鈥檚 healthcare program intact, conservative activists and Republican presidential candidates vowed on Thursday to make the role of the high court a central issue in the 2016 presidential election. Conservative ire was trained particularly on Chief Justice John Roberts, who wrote the majority opinion that preserved the subsidy regime underpinning the Affordable Care Act, even though another Republican appointee, Justice Anthony Kennedy, also voted with the majority. (Oliphant, 6/26)
What the party lacks is a clear leader in the 2016 field 鈥 or anyone, for that matter, who can plausibly claim a meaningful advantage 鈥 producing what is arguably the most wide-open Republican race in more than 50 years. ... No GOP candidates have gone as far as Clinton in taking on their own party. But several have nudged fellow Republicans in different ways: Bush, a former Florida governor, by urging the party to soften its tone on immigration; Kentucky Sen. Rand Paul by advocating a less assertive military policy; Ohio Gov. John Kasich by embracing the expansion of Medicare under the Affordable Care Act, which is loathed by many Republicans. (Barabak, 6/29)
Also in the news, a Democratic White House hopeful advances his position on the health law -
Bernie Sanders isn't satisfied with the Supreme Court's affirmation last week of President Barack Obama's health care law. Instead, the Democratic presidential hopeful said on Sunday he wants the United States to adopt a "Medicare-for-all" single-payer health care plan. (Bradner, 6/28)
Marketplace
Justice Department Looking At Anti-Trust Issues In Insurance Mergers
The Justice Department is gearing up for an exacting look at any proposed mergers among the nation鈥檚 top health-insurance companies, amid questions inside and outside the department about whether industry consolidation could suppress competition. The five biggest health insurers have been circling one another for potential deals. Anthem Inc. has made public a $47.5 billion bid for Cigna Corp., which Cigna has so far rejected. Aetna Inc., meanwhile, has made a takeover proposal for Humana Inc. (Kendall and Wilde Mathews, 6/28)
In industries ranging from health care to technology to media, chief executives are rushing to make acquisitions, often either in anticipation of takeover moves by rivals or in response to them. The resulting corporate realignments affect executives, employees, customers and suppliers. (Mattioli and Cimilluca, 6/26)
Health IT
IBM Trains Watson As A Cancer Specialist
IBM is now training Watson to be a cancer specialist. The idea is to use Watson鈥檚 increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence to find personalized treatments for every cancer patient by comparing disease and treatment histories, genetic data, scans and symptoms against the vast universe of medical knowledge. Such precision targeting is possible to a limited extent, but it can take weeks of dedicated sleuthing by a team of researchers. Watson would be able to make this type of treatment recommendation in mere minutes. (Cha, 6/27)
It鈥檚 your health. So it鈥檚 time you took control of all the information about it. That鈥檚 the message that a growing number of patient advocates are trying to spread to American health-care consumers. For most people, of course, it鈥檚 all too easy to simply leave their health records in the hands of doctors and hospitals. But that鈥檚 a big mistake, the advocates argue. First, it gives doctors too much power over information that is vital to patients, and it creates opportunities for errors. Perhaps more important, it keeps patients from using the information themselves for their own benefit. (Beck, 6/29)
There's a boomlet underway in health information technology buying, triggered by provider organizations considering or launching their own Medicare Advantage or commercial health plans. Provider-run plans without long experience in the insurance business face a challenge in shopping for and setting up an IT system that will meet their needs. Hospitals, health systems and medical groups already are in the market for data analytics and care-management software. Those tools augment their electronic health-record systems, aiding in population health risk assessments and managing high-cost patients with chronic conditions. But they need even more technology tools to operate as an insurer. (Conn, 6/27)
Public Health
CDC Panel Urges Expanding Pool Of Young People Who Receive Meningitis B Shot
Parents, take note! The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's vaccine committee has expanded its recommendation for immunization against meningitis B, a rare but potentially deadly strain of meningitis. The committee's revised guidance, issued late last week, broadens the group of young people that the CDC thinks should consider getting the shot, and increases the likelihood that health insurance policies will pay for the injection. (Neighmond, 6/29)
Several other news stories focus on developments related to autism -
When Matt Crockett's 2-year-old son, Mark, was diagnosed with autism, the Air Force Reserve technician assumed his government insurance would help cover the cost of the treatment. He discovered the Federal Employee Health Benefits Program encourages 鈥 but does not require 鈥 insurance carriers to cover the cost of the leading treatment for autism. In fact, only 23 states offer federal health insurance plans that cover Applied Behavior Analysis therapy, which leaves federal employees trapped in a patchwork of coverage that costs tens of thousands of dollars a year. (Medici, 6/28)
Dr. James Jeffrey Bradstreet鈥檚 life was full of controversy. To thousands of supporters, he was a savior: a physician who claimed vaccines caused autism and promoted radical procedures to treat those afflicted, including his own son. To many others, however, he was a crackpot: a man who, despite his medical license, ignored science and championed dangerous, discredited and occasionally deadly treatments. (Miller, 6/29)
State Watch
State Highlights: Calif. Will Hire More L.A. Nursing Home Inspectors; Mo. To Spell-Out Eating Disorder Coverage
The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health could receive nearly $15 million in additional state funds and about 70 more staff members under a proposed new contract with the state to expand and increase oversight of nursing homes. But a yearlong training and certification process for new staff members means that the longstanding backlog of nursing home investigations could get worse before it gets better. (Gorman, 6/29)
Missouri is set to be the first state in the nation to spell out the type of eating disorder treatments that insurance companies must cover, a move advocates say will ensure families have access to care for not just the physical aspect but also the underlying mental issues. (6/28)
California lawmakers are considering a measure that will require vaccinations for most children in public schools. The state Senate was expected to take the final vote required before sending the contentious bill to Gov. Jerry Brown on Monday. (6/29)
In the latest wave of such decisions, a group of 35 mostly rural counties in California agreed this week to grant healthcare to immigrants in the country illegally. For several years, just 11 of the state's 58 counties provided some form of low-cost medical care to these uninsured immigrants. But as of this month, 47 of the state's counties have promised to do so. (Karlamangla, 6/26)
As California legislators consider a bill that would allow terminally ill patients to get prescriptions to end their lives, disability rights advocates are speaking up in opposition. They worry that if it becomes law, depression and incorrect prognoses may lead people with serious disabilities to end their lives prematurely. (Gorman, 6/29)
Today [Kim] Huggins is among dozens in Charlotte who are learning that their 鈥渇ree鈥 coverage requires them to cover a $5,000 deductible and costs them eligibility for some of the free medical services they鈥檝e relied on. (Doss Helms, 6/27)
As many as two-thirds of older adults will experience hearing loss, but many won鈥檛 do anything about it, says Dr. Carrie Nieman, a resident at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. (Leaderman, 6/28)
With the state publishing draft regulations for medical marijuana and an infrastructure for growing and distributing it coming into view, Marylanders who suffer from chronic pain or debilitating disease could gain access to the drug by the middle of next year. The rules developed by the Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission, which cover doctor registration, licensing, fees and other concerns, were published last week. The state is accepting public comment on the rules through July 27. (Cohn, 6/28)
No one believes Jeff Cornick was thinking straight when he drunkenly carried up to a dozen gas cans into his Des Moines house, stalked around rooms with a lit candle and ranted to police that he was going to blow himself up. "Shoot me!" he yelled to an officer, a police report shows. The question is: Did this bizarre behavior make him a serious criminal? Or just a person who needed serious psychiatric treatment? (Tony Leys, 6/27)
Kiara Spencer's 6-month-old daughter, Londyn, looked eagerly around the examination room. ... Londyn is one of roughly 548,000 Alabama children, including 40,000 babies, eligible for Medicaid. ... Linda Lee, executive director of the Alabama chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics, said that pediatric practices in the state get between 30 to 50 percent of their funding from Medicaid. ... The General Fund passed by the Alabama Legislature earlier this month 鈥 and vetoed by Gov. Robert Bentley 鈥 would have cut Medicaid by about 5 percent. Percentage-wise, it was one of the lowest cuts in the budget. But due to the byzantine structure of Alabama's Medicaid funding, some programs and services faced greater danger. Medicaid's $6 billion budget 鈥 the federal government provides a two-to-one match of state dollars 鈥 has many untouchable areas, such as hospitals, nursing homes, and behavioral health. (Lyman, 6/27)
According to the Alabama Medicaid Agency, three of every four individuals in the state's nursing homes receive coverage. Medicaid's nursing home funding is not an area that can be cut should legislators decide to reduce Medicaid funding in a special session, said Dr. Don Williamson, overseeing a transition of the Medicaid delivery system. But Medicaid's importance to nursing homes underlines its major role in Alabama's health system, where 20 percent of state residents are covered by the program. (Lyman, 6/28)
After giving birth, some women save the placenta in order to consume it in the following weeks. In fact, Texas just passed a law giving women the right to take the placenta home from the hospital, the third state to do so. (Feibel, 6/28)
Editorials And Opinions
Viewpoints: Health Law Assaults Not Finished; Time To Double Down On Medicaid Expansion
The Supreme Court鈥檚 decision upholding health insurance subsidies for low-income Americans in every state will almost certainly not stop attempts by Republicans to destroy or impede the Affordable Care Act piece by piece. ... there are myriad ways the current Republican Congress, future Congresses or a future Republican president could subvert important elements of the law or render it inoperative. (6/27)
Despite the Supreme Court decision to uphold the subsidies for private insurance in King v. Burwell, the fundamental problems with the Affordable Care Act remain. Ironically, it is the growing government centralization of health insurance at the expense of private insurance that must be addressed. (Scott W. Atlas, 6/28)
Sometimes history speeds up. Rarely in our nation鈥檚 239鈥墆ears of life has a single week brought such a surge of social change and such a sweeping set of challenges to past assumptions. ... On Thursday, the Supreme Court decided, 6 to 3, to keep the Affordable Care Act whole. To go the other way, as Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. rightly argued, would have violated any plausible understanding of what Congress had intended. ... Yet if the King v. Burwell case was about a textual dispute, its implications were much broader. (E.J. Dionne Jr., 6/28)
The Supreme Court鈥檚 decision in King v. Burwell is an enormous victory for the Obama administration and the Affordable Care Act. By upholding the provision of subsidies in the 34 states that rely on the federal insurance exchange, the court ensured that 6.4 million Americans would not lose access to affordable coverage. Instead of dealing a devastating blow to Americans with ACA insurance plans, the court handed Obamacare opponents a crushing defeat. The last serious legal challenge to Obamacare is over. ... Yet the ACA in 2015 is not where health-reform supporters envisioned it would be in 2010. Obamacare is a limited law, full of compromises that were necessary to secure its enactment. (Jonathan Oberlander and Eric Patashnik, 6/28)
Chief Justice John Roberts' majority opinion upholding subsidies on the Affordable Care Act's federal exchange is a big gift to Republicans. Though he was ruling against the expressed desire of every Republican presidential candidate -- that the subsidies should be eliminated even if that meant the nation's healthcare system would enter a death spiral -- the chief justice greatly simplified the lives of Republican politicians. In the process, he made a powerful argument for deference to the legislature and the critical need to consider the goals of Congress and real-world consequences when interpreting statutes. By mustering five votes in support of his position, Roberts made a bitter loser of Justice Antonin Scalia and his rigid textualist approach to statutory interpretation. (William Yeomans, 6/26)
Obamacare is dead. Long live Robertscare. With Thursday鈥檚 U.S. Supreme Court decision in King v. Burwell, Chief Justice John Roberts, writing for the majority, cemented the Affordable Care Act as the law of the land. Oh, there will still be plenty of legal challenges to it, and there will be an attempt to replace it should a Republican occupy 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. in 2017; but for all intents and purposes, the individual and employer mandates, and now the subsidized federal health insurance exchange, are now in concrete. (Christopher Rants, 6/27)
Many Texas lawmakers have doggedly opposed all aspects of Obamacare since its passage five years ago, perhaps hoping the law would simply go away. But now it is time for the law鈥檚 opponents to take a more pragmatic approach and embrace those parts of the law that can help ordinary Texans afford needed medical care. In particular, Texas should take advantage of generous federal matching funds available to states that expand their Medicaid programs to cover people earning up to 138 percent of the federal poverty level, or $33,465 for a family of four. (Sam Richardson, 6/26)
I first posted last January about how the Republicans鈥 hopes (鈥減lans鈥 would be too strong a term) to repeal Obamacare through reconciliation were, to be polite, highly unlikely to be successful. But events over the past two weeks have made any attempt to use the congressional budget process to repeal or make substantial changes in Obamacare a complete waste of time. (Stan Collender, 6/29)
While many have been awaiting this important decision, we must remember that much remains to be done to assure that all Kentuckians 鈥 and all Americans 鈥 have timely access to safe, effective and affordable quality care. ... In Kentucky, where more than a half million people have gained insurance through the Affordable Care Act, the work to assure access and improve health continues. Diverse groups of individuals and organizations from across Kentucky continue to work with the state to find ways to continue to improve and protect Kentuckians' health and well-being. Reforming the way we pay for care and making cost and pricing more transparent are under discussion. The state has expanded scope of practice for Advance Practice Registered Nurses. (Susan G. Zepeda, 6/28)
By design, Obamacare relies on Medicaid 鈥 the federal health insurance program for the poor 鈥 to expand health coverage. Since 2013, more than 11 million people have gained insurance through the federal program, which supports those earning below 133 percent of the federal poverty level. At the same time, there hasn鈥檛 been a surge of new or current primary care physicians taking on Medicaid patients. As a result, millions of enrollees can鈥檛 access a doctor and have turned to the ER for basic care. The best way to reverse this trend is to redesign how Medicaid is financed. (Sally C. Pipes, 6/28)