After Christine Malik gave birth to her first daughter three years ago, a clinician affiliated with a company called Pediatrix entered the hospital room and fitted the infant with sensors and wires for a hearing test.
The child failed the screening required by law for all newborns, the tester said, requiring a follow-up exam. 鈥淲e were scared as first-time parents,鈥 said Malik, who agreed to the second exam. The clinician, Malik said, didn鈥檛 tell them that infants often fail an initial screening because of in the ears that soon dissipates. The second screening found no problem with the baby鈥檚 hearing.
Last year, when her second daughter was born, Malik refused a hearing test after another Pediatrix clinician appeared at her bedside. (Parents are allowed to opt out but rarely do.)
The infant hearing test 鈥 particularly the more advanced technology Pediatrix uses 鈥 is an example of how some common medical procedures have become significantly more profitable for their providers.
Pediatrix and related companies have drawn a string of complaints from dissatisfied customers like Malik, who said she was surprised by Pediatrix鈥檚 charges for in-hospital infant care. Such tests were once free or included in a hospital鈥檚 new-baby fees. Pediatrix earns tens of millions of dollars a year in revenue from them, according to regulatory filings.
Founded in Florida decades ago, Pediatrix and its parent company, Mednax, have grown into a network of physicians and other clinicians delivering hearing screens, pediatric intensive care, pediatric surgery and obstetric services. They operate in more than 400 affiliated hospitals in some 40 states.
Pediatrix now cares for about 1 in 4 babies in neonatal intensive care units, according to the company, and administers its hearing tests to nearly a million babies a year.
鈥淚鈥檝e been involved with trying to prevent them coming into hospitals,鈥 said Lisa Hunter, a professor and pediatric hearing specialist at the University of Cincinnati who objected generally to Pediatrix鈥檚 high charges for hearing screens and the billing confusion they can cause. 鈥淚鈥檓 very much empathetic with patients who have concerns.鈥
Pediatrix officials say their doctors and other clinicians deliver top-level maternity and newborn medicine, often to smaller and community hospitals as well as large systems, providing not just hearing tests but surgery and lifesaving care for premature babies.
鈥淒oing what鈥檚 right for the patient is our highest priority,鈥 said Dr. Roger Hinson, president of the Pediatrix and Obstetrix medical group.
Dr. Michelle Barhaghi, an obstetrician herself, said she was shocked by the $6,538 that a Pediatrix doctor in California charged for the unplanned cesarean delivery of her baby in April while she was traveling.
鈥淲hen I saw that, my jaw dropped,鈥 she said. 鈥淚 sent that bill statement to all my OB-GYN friends.鈥
Insurance paid Pediatrix $2,867, according to benefit statements. That鈥檚 still nearly three times the rate for the same procedure under Medicare鈥檚 schedule of physician fees. Pediatrix also billed Barhaghi $1,311 for charges that insurance didn鈥檛 cover for a physical and discharge prep for her baby. Pediatrix withdrew that bill after being contacted by KHN for comment, she said.
Three years ago, the insurance giant Aetna sued Mednax and Pediatrix, saying they inflated charges by more than $50 million, performing unneeded tests and treatments and diagnosing babies as being sicker than they really were.
Mednax denied Aetna鈥檚 allegations, and the case ended in July when Aetna withdrew it as part of a confidential agreement. Neither Aetna nor Mednax would disclose the terms.
As part of the proceedings, Mednax admitted in court that it destroyed internal emails Aetna had sought as potential evidence of corporate coaching to nudge physicians to engage in 鈥渦pcoding鈥 to higher-value procedures.
Pediatrix was a of a campaign in the early 2000s for state laws requiring hearing tests for babies, records show. now have such laws, and the American Academy of Pediatrics for all newborns before they leave the hospital.
The idea is that the rare baby with hearing deficiencies 鈥 two or three in every thousand 鈥 needs to be identified quickly to ensure proper treatment and language development even if some false positives worry parents.
A simple screen measures whether the baby鈥檚 inner ear responds to sound. A more expensive hearing screen, a procedure originally designed to assess patients with serious neurological or auditory disease, measures the brain鈥檚 electrical response to sound.
Many hospitals reserve that screen for high-risk babies in intensive care or for those who fail an earlier, less expensive screening.
Aetna鈥檚 claims analysis found that Mednax and affiliates billed three times more often for those kinds of tests than for those given by non-Mednax clinicians.
Pediatrix charges $150 or more for the test, said audiologists familiar with the company. The company charged $326 for Malik鈥檚 first child鈥檚 screening, billing records show, and insurance paid a discounted price of $177.
鈥淭he cost of doing the screening should be no more than $50,鈥 said professor Hunter, including the initial test and in-hospital follow-up. 鈥淭o bill more than that, and to do this on every single baby that鈥檚 born, to me that sounds like a license to print money.鈥
Hinson said Pediatrix uses the more expensive auditory brainstem screen because it tests the entire hearing pathway. He said it has a lower false-positive rate on infant screenings than the less expensive alternative.
The Joint Committee on Infant Hearing, a board of experts considered authoritative for screening protocols, says initially for babies.
But done in the hospital soon after birth, both varieties produce a substantial number of initial false indications of hearing deficiency, , often because of fluid in the ears from birthing.
This requires a second test either in the hospital or sometimes weeks later in a doctor鈥檚 office. Meanwhile, families might believe their baby could be deaf. When parents are approached by an infant-hearing screener in the hospital, they should make sure the procedure is covered by insurance, patient advocates say. If the child fails the test, parents should be aware it could be a fleeting result and request a follow-up before leaving the hospital.
or mishandled bills from Pediatrix and Mednax have drawn complaints to the Better Business Bureau and on .
When a Mednax or Pediatrix clinician is outside a patient鈥檚 insurance network, 鈥渨e bill the balance to the patient,鈥 the company says in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. At least one hospital, Inova Alexandria Hospital in Northern Virginia, has warned expectant parents that Pediatrix 鈥渕ay not be an approved provider鈥 with their insurer.
From the beginning of 2019 to mid-November, 192 people filed complaints with the Better Business Bureau against Pediatrix and Mednax, according to data provided by the BBB. Most of the complaints are about billing and collections issues, according to the data.
鈥淲e have to do things that make things more seamless for our patients and more seamless for our payers,鈥 Hinson said. When Pediatrix is out of network, the company works with families 鈥渢o mitigate post-discharge surprise billing,鈥 he said.
It took more than a year, two dozen phone calls and the help of the Better Business Bureau to resolve one incorrect $1,010 bill. It was charged for a Pediatrix nurse practitioner who stood by while Sarah Tela鈥檚 twins were delivered by an obstetrician in 2018.
After doing research, Tela, who lives near Seattle, realized that 鈥淚 wasn鈥檛 the only one going through this battle with them.鈥 She added: 鈥淚 could have easily paid the bill. But I knew I was right.鈥
The problem turned out to be an incorrect date of service on the bill, which caused the insurer鈥檚 claims software to reject it, she said.
Mednax, which contacted Barhaghi and Malik after their cases were brought up by a reporter, is 鈥渃onfident that their respective matters are being resolved to their satisfaction,鈥 the company said in an email.