Abortion is one of the more common procedures in the U.S., more common even than . But as clinics in Texas close, finding a place in the state where medical residents training to be OB-GYNs can learn to do abortions is getting harder.
鈥淭here are places in Texas where there are OB-GYN residents who can鈥檛 get anywhere to be trained,鈥 said a senior doctor at one Texas clinic who is also a medical school professor. The physician asked not to be named to avoid backlash from anti-abortion groups and politicians.
Clinics that used to perform abortions have closed recently in Lubbock, Odessa and other Texas cities. But the professor鈥檚 clinic, which still does abortions and trains some OB-GYN residents, can鈥檛 take up the slack.
鈥淲e鈥檝e been approached by many different residency programs about the ability to train their residents,鈥 she said. 鈥淯nfortunately, we just don鈥檛 have the capability to train everyone.鈥
The day we spoke, the doctor was spending the afternoon at the clinic, supervising a third-year resident. The resident agreed to be identified by her middle name, Jane.
During her four years of residency, Jane spent about a month doing rotations at this clinic. The experience improved her medical skills, she said, but also gave her a new political perspective on what it means to be a doctor.
鈥淚t makes it even more obvious how important it is for women to have access to abortions,鈥 she said. The rotation made her more committed to providing abortions throughout her career, she added. 鈥淚f I think a woman needs access and I have the skills to provide access, I should,鈥 she said.
Jane listened as the senior doctor prepared her for the next patient: 鈥淪he鈥檚 21 years old, and this is her first pregnancy. She is at about eight weeks today. Do you have any questions about what we鈥檙e going to be doing or the procedure?鈥
Later, I asked the professor if it鈥檚 hard to teach abortion. She said it鈥檚 not difficult to teach the procedure.
鈥淭he technical procedure is the same, whether you are doing it for a miscarriage, or whether you鈥檙e doing it to terminate an ongoing pregnancy,鈥 she said.
That procedure is known as a , or 鈥淒 and C.鈥 The cervix is dilated, and then a suction instrument is inserted to remove tissue from the uterus.
D and Cs are also used to treat excessive bleeding, or to take a biopsy from inside the uterus.
鈥淚 like to say that a D and C, a suction D and C even, is bread and butter gynecology,鈥 she explained.
OB-GYNs have always learned the D and C procedure. There鈥檚 nothing controversial about it, per se. But when it鈥檚 done because a woman chooses to end a pregnancy, it鈥檚 called an elective abortion, and to be able to perform the procedure in such a case, the doctor needs to have additional training.
Elective abortions are almost always done on an outpatient basis. To do them, doctors learn how to counsel the patients and manage their pain during the five-minute procedure. They also need to learn how to administer 鈥 the ones that use pills.
In addition, many states like Texas require doctors to perform extra steps, such as reading out loud a state-mandated script to the woman or having her listen to the fetal heartbeat.
OB-GYN residents can鈥檛 learn all that鈥檚 required without spending time at an outpatient clinic, which is where most abortions in Texas .
But in Texas, there are only 18 of those clinics still in operation.
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Use the 鈥+鈥 sign above to zoom in and see how residency programs responded to the question: 鈥淗ow are ob-gyn residents trained in abortion?鈥
- Green dots indicate the residency is located in an area where clinics still offer elective abortion (12).
- Yellow dots indicate that a nearby clinic still provides abortion, but the clinic could close soon depending on the U.S. Supreme Court鈥檚 interpretation of Texas law (2).
- Red dots indicate that none of the clinics left in the area provide abortion (4).
That worries , a medical sociologist at the University of California, San Francisco. 鈥淗ow can you have abortion provision if you don鈥檛 have trained doctors?鈥 Freedman said. 鈥淓specially the ones likely to stay in your state.鈥
Abortion training has become more common in the U.S. but only in some areas in the country. 鈥淲e鈥檝e trained a lot of people, but they鈥檙e staying in relatively liberal, urban areas,鈥 Freedman said.
Texas has 18 OB-GYN residency programs. All of them undergo periodic reviews by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, or ACGME, in Chicago.
One of the things the reviewers look for is whether residents have opportunities to learn about induced abortion, called that to distinguish it from a miscarriage.
All 18 residency programs in Texas are currently accredited, even though some of them are located in cities where outpatient abortion providers have closed.
Programs without abortion providers nearby have other options for fulfilling the training obligation, said , ACGME鈥檚 senior vice president for surgical accreditation.
He explained the residents don鈥檛 have to perform elective abortions. They can practice terminating pregnancies in the hospital, for other reasons.
鈥淎s long as they鈥檙e getting sufficient experience in some form of abortion, you know, where the mother鈥檚 life is in danger, where there鈥檚 significant neonatal abnormalities,鈥 Potts said.
In other words, to become an OB-GYN, the resident must know how to safely empty a woman鈥檚 uterus if her pregnancy is experiencing a medical complication. For situations when it鈥檚 the woman choice to end pregnancy, residents can hear lectures about it, perform simulations or practice counseling skills on each other.
Some Texas professors maintain that minimal standard of experience is good enough 鈥 or, at least, the best they can do under the circumstances.
But I asked , who has been providing abortions in Houston for decades, if he thought it really was enough to learn how to perform elective abortions.
鈥淣o, absolutely not,鈥 he said.
When residents are learning to do D and Cs, they usually do them in the hospital, and the patient is often asleep, Rosenfeld pointed out. But most abortions in this country聽 in outpatient clinics.
At the clinics, patients get a local anesthetic or none at all. That makes the abortion safer for the patient, but it requires more skill on the part of the doctor, according to Rosenfeld and other experts.
鈥淭ime is a big factor, and causing as least pain as possible, and having a very gentle touch,鈥 Rosenfeld said. 鈥淏ut all that is learned.鈥
Residents won鈥檛 have competence in performing abortions until they do dozens of outpatient abortions, Rosenfeld said.
鈥淣obody would ever say that about a cesarean delivery or a regular delivery: 鈥榃ell, OK, you just saw one or two, so you can just do them,鈥 鈥 he said. 鈥淟ots of time you鈥檒l have uterine abnormalities and you鈥檙e not going to know unless you鈥檝e done many procedures what to do with a uterine abnormality.鈥
There鈥檚 one more intangible, but critical, experience residents get from abortion training, many doctors say.
Jane summed it up this way: 鈥淓very woman has a different story and a different reason why she chooses to end her pregnancy.鈥
Hearing those stories from patients is crucial to a an OB-GYN鈥檚 professional development, said , an OB-GYN professor and researcher at the聽 at UCSF.
The experience teaches valuable bedside skills like compassion, empathy and political awareness.
鈥淲hen they spend time in a setting that provides abortion care, they have real epiphanies,鈥 Steinauer said. 鈥淭hey become more aware of their biases. They鈥檙e surprised that more than half of women having abortion are already mothers, for example.鈥
厂迟别颈苍补耻别谤鈥檚 also shows that OB-GYNs who have access to training during their medical residencies are more likely to provide abortion later in their careers.
But some doctors question the need for more training, saying if residents really want abortion skills they can leave Texas to acquire them, and then come back to the state to practice.
Other OB-GYNs, like , executive director of the American Association of Pro-Life Obstetricians & Gynecologists, condemn the entire concept. Harrison believes abortion is killing an unborn child.
鈥淚t should not be part of any kind of medical training to do elective, induced abortions,鈥 she said.
Residents have always been able to 鈥渙pt out鈥 of abortion training if they have moral or religious objections, Harrison acknowledged. But some residents might feel pressured to do the rotation, she said, and they could end up indoctrinated with the view that elective abortion is OK.
鈥淚f you do a procedure that you have moral qualms with, there鈥檚 a kind of desensitization that goes on,鈥 Harrison said. 鈥淭he attempt to force residents to participate in abortion is an attempt to desensitize those residents, so they will have less ability to think clearly about what that procedure is actually about.鈥
But Freedman, the medical sociologist, disagreed that abortion training amounts to indoctrination.
鈥淚f you look at medicine in general, how many things do we do to teach people empathy, sensitivity, compassion about a lot of things?鈥 she asked.
Doctors will always have patients whose life decisions they privately disagree with, Freedman said, but it doesn鈥檛 help the patient when doctors judge them or withhold a treatment or procedure.
鈥淭hings happen to people that they don鈥檛 want, health-wise, all the time,鈥 she said. 鈥淲e just need doctors to know how to do this.鈥
According to a , 97 percent of OB-GYNs have had a patient who wanted an abortion. But only 14 percent of those doctors actually provide abortions.
This story is part of a partnership that includes , and Kaiser Health News.