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A few years ago, Renea Molden鈥檚 doctors told her they wanted to take her off her opioid pills. It did not sound like good idea to her.

鈥淚 was mad, I鈥檒l be honest. I was mad. I was frustrated,鈥� said Molden, 40, of Kansas City, Mo. She struggles with fibromyalgia, bulging discs and degenerative disc disease. Her doctors were concerned about her potentially taking hydrocodone for the rest of her life, but to her, the three pills she took each day seemed to be the only way she could make it through work, go shopping or even fix dinner.

鈥淚t felt like they were taking a part of my life away from me,鈥� she said.

For many people with chronic pain, opioids can seem like the difference between a full life or one lived in agony. Over the past few decades, they have become go-to drugs for acute pain, but聽, with the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System and the University of Minnesota, said research about the effectiveness of opioids for chronic pain was lacking. Even though millions of people take the drugs for long periods of time, there is little evidence to support that use.

鈥淭he studies that we had out there were short-term studies and mostly compared opioids to placebo medications,鈥� Krebs said. 鈥淔rom those studies, we knew that opioids can improve pain a little bit more than a placebo, or sugar pill, in the short term, but that鈥檚 all we knew.鈥�

But that鈥檚 changing. Krebs is the lead author of a for treating chronic pain over 12 months published Tuesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

The study involved 240 veterans with chronic back pain or osteoarthritis of the knee or hip who had pain that was ongoing and intense. Half were treated with opioids and half with non-opioid medications 鈥� either common over-the-counter drugs like acetaminophen or naproxen, or prescription drugs like topical lidocaine or meloxicam. Doctors and patients knew what group they were in, said Krebs, and that was deliberate because people鈥檚 expectations can influence how they feel.

鈥淲e found at the beginning of the study that patients who were enrolled really thought that opioids were far more effective than non-opioid medications,鈥� she said.

But after as little as six months, the non-opioid group reported their pain was slightly less severe than the opioid group鈥檚 collective assessment. By the end of the year, Krebs said, 鈥渢here was really no difference between the groups in terms of pain interference with activities. And over time, the non-opioid group had less pain intensity, and the opioid group had more side effects,鈥� such as constipation, fatigue and nausea.

The study didn鈥檛 explore why, but Krebs has a theory: opioid tolerance.

鈥淲ithin a few weeks or months of taking an opioid on a daily basis, your body gets used to that level of opioid, and you need more and more to get the same level of effect,鈥� she said.

Opioids, of course, also carry the risk of dependence, addiction and overdose. Coming off of opioids gives patients who have developed a dependence flu-like symptoms that can last for days or weeks.

鈥淭his study adds the long-term evidence that shows that opioids really don鈥檛 have any advantages in terms of pain relief that might outweigh the known harms that they cause,鈥� she said. 鈥淭he bottom line for people who have chronic back pain or arthritis pain is just that you shouldn鈥檛 start opioids.鈥�

Dr. Muhammed Farhan favors nonopioid approaches to treating pain, including mind-body methods like meditation and yoga. (Alex Smith/KCUR)

But what about patients like Molden who had already been using opioids for a long time? Dr. Muhammed Farhan, medical director of the University of Missouri-Kansas City鈥檚 multidisciplinary pain management program, said diplomatic conversations with patients like Molden are part of his daily routine. Farhan also is the medical director of the University Health Pain Management Clinic at Truman Medical Centers, which doesn鈥檛 prescribe opioids.

He said he meets patients every day with problems like back pain who鈥檝e reached the end of the line with the drugs.

鈥淢ost of the time what I see is that they are taking high doses of opioids and that they are in bed all the time or sleeping and still in pain,鈥� he said.

Farhan said he starts by helping them adjust to the idea that they cannot eliminate pain entirely. He said this expectation can be especially dangerous for people who rely on increasing doses of opioids.

鈥淥ur idea of being completely pain-free can lead us to a place when they end up with more pain, no improvement in their quality of life after being on high doses of opioid medications, which can be harmful to the point that they may die,鈥� Farhan said.

He said he tries to help his patients taper off opioids slowly and use alternative drugs and therapies.

Krebs agrees with this approach. 鈥淢edications have some role, but they really shouldn鈥檛 be the primary way we are treating chronic pain,鈥� she said. 鈥淔or osteoarthritis pain, the strongly recommended treatments are exercise treatments,鈥� she said, and it鈥檚 important to maintain a healthy weight. 鈥淭he same thing goes for back pain,鈥� she said, where experts recommend exercise, rehabilitation treatments, yoga and cognitive therapies, among others.

Renea Molden said it鈥檚 been hard to leave hydrocodone behind, but she鈥檚 working at it.

鈥淚 know if I can just get through that day 鈥� there鈥檚 good days and there鈥檚 bad days, and you just kind of have to make it through the bad days,鈥� she said.

But even on the worst days, Molden feels good that she鈥檚 facing her pain without opioids.

This story is part of a reporting partnership with NPR, KCUR and聽.

麻豆女优 Health News鈥� coverage of prescription drug development, costs and pricing is supported in part by the .