[Editor’s note: This transcript was generated using both transcription software and a human’s light touch. It has been edited for style and clarity.] 

Julie Rovner: Hello, from 麻豆女优 Health News and WAMU Public Radio in Washington, D.C. Welcome to What the Health? I’m Julie Rovner, chief Washington correspondent for 麻豆女优 Health News. And, as always, I’m joined by some of the best and smartest health reporters covering Washington. We’re taping this week on Thursday, May 21, at 10 a.m. As always, news happens fast, and things might have changed by the time you hear this. So, here we go. Today, we are joined via video conference by Sheryl Gay Stolberg of The New York Times. 

Sheryl Gay Stolberg: Hi, Julie. 

Rovner: Alice Miranda Ollstein of Politico. 

Alice Miranda Ollstein: Hello. 

Rovner: And Joanne Kenen of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Politico Magazine. 

Joanne Kenen: Hi, everybody. 

Rovner: Later in this episode, we’ll have my interview with Miranda Yaver, a health policy professor at the University of Pittsburgh and author of a cool new book all about insurance denials. But first, this week’s news. 

So, the biggest health policy news in Washington this week is the primary defeat of Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee Chairman Bill Cassidy, who finished third in a three-way Republican primary in Louisiana Saturday 鈥� not just to congresswoman Julia Letlow, the candidate endorsed by President [Donald] Trump, but to state treasurer and former representative John Fleming, who, like Cassidy, is also a medical doctor. Fleming and Letlow will now advance to a runoff next month to see who will make the general election ballot in November and likely advance to the Senate from very red Louisiana. 

Meanwhile, though, Cassidy still has the rest of this year at the helm of the HELP Committee, where he is still in charge of filling Trump administration vacancies for surgeon general, Food and Drug Administration commissioner, and director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. And, just judging from the last few days, Cassidy appears to feel liberated from his former fealty to President Trump. He switched sides and voted with Democrats to limit Trump’s war powers. He questioned the legality of a $1.8 billion fund to pay people who claimed they were victims of unfair federal prosecutions, and he defended his vote to convict Trump in the impeachment trial after Jan. 6, which is what got him in hot water with the president in the first place. What does this portend for what might happen at the HELP Committee going forward the rest of this year? 

Stolberg: Well, I think we see Cassidy, as you said, “liberated,” unfettered. You know, Cassidy agonized over whether or not to confirm Bobby Kennedy. I recently reread his testimony, and at the end, he delivered this soliloquy, and he said, Man, you know, I don’t know, can a 71-year-old man, you know, change his tune after all this time? He said, I’m 71; Kennedy’s 71, and he wondered if Kennedy could, you know, really do the things that he promised Cassidy he would do. And in the end, Kennedy did not, and Cassidy was kind of humiliated in Washington. He may have been defeated by forces in Louisiana other than what he did in Washington, but at least here in Washington, Cassidy, you know, still has his perch. He was never comfortable with Bobby Kennedy. There’s nothing holding him back now. When I asked him before his primary, I said, Will we see a vote on Casey Means? She was still the nominee then, and he said, We’ll talk about that later. And I have a feeling that Cassidy will talk about a few things later. 

Rovner: I feel like two things happen when senators are, you know, become lame ducks like this, is they can either go rogue and do everything they always wanted to do and say everything they always wanted to say 鈥� which we’re kind of seeing with Sen. Thom Tillis from North Carolina 鈥� or they can actually hunker down because they’re worried about what they might do when their term is over, and they want to get a job, and they want to be able to lobby their former colleagues. Do we have a feel for which way Cassidy is going? 

Stolberg: Cassidy already gave us a feel. In 2021, he voted to convict Trump on a charge of incitement of insurrection. He said at the time I voted to convict Trump because he’s guilty. Now it is true that Trump is still in office now; Cassidy probably never expected him to come back, but I don’t know. Cassidy tried containing or constraining himself, and it didn’t work out. He lost, so no, why not let it rip now? 

Kenen: I was always sort of struck that once he cast that impeachment vote, which was a really defining vote, even, as Sheryl just pointed out, not expecting Trump to 鈥� I mean, [Sen. Mitch] McConnell didn’t expect him to, a lot of people didn’t expect him to 鈥� come back after that. But he had done it, and he can’t erase it once Trump did come back. So once you have that, sort of, you know, what for Trump is a mark of Cain on your forehead, then why 鈥� like, we saw it was so visible, you could see Cassidy wrestling with the Kennedy nomination, you could see it. It was so visible, it was like [unintelligible] 鈥� 

Stolberg: It was like Hamlet. 

Kenen: And then vote against his conscience, probably, none of us are in his head or his heart, but you know it was not a vote he was completely comfortable with. And it wasn’t going to save him. Like, at that point, the politically smarter thing might have just gone, OK, I’m going to be an independent-minded guy, and if I lose, I’m going to lose if I do this, and take a gamble on doing that. I don’t think anyone expected him to come out ahead in this primary, although maybe he did. I never understood the Kennedy vote. I never 鈥� 

Rovner: I understood the Kennedy vote. What I never understood was what happened afterwards, when Kennedy did not keep all the promises that he made to Cassidy, that he would come and testify that he wasn’t going to change the vaccine schedule, all the things that he then did. And Cassidy sort of 鈥� you could see that he was disapproving of it, but he never really did anything about it. I think that was the part that surprised me much more than the actual vote. 

Ollstein: Cassidy also, throughout the course of his campaign, really tried to align himself with Trump and sort of tried to argue that, you know, forget about the impeachment vote a few years ago, you know, more recently we align on X policy and Y policy, and we both believe in border security, and we both believe in stopping fentanyl, and X, Y, and Z. And so, honestly, the entire primary was just about Trump. All three candidates tried to argue that they were the most aligned with Trump. Obviously, that was easiest for Letlow, who was endorsed by Trump, but all three tried to argue that they were carrying the MAGA [Make America Great Again] banner, including Cassidy, despite that impeachment vote, which was, I think, interesting. The RFK vote did not come up quite as much. It was really overshadowed by Trump. 

Stolberg: But you know what’s interesting? Cassidy did grow a little more vocal along the way. When I asked him in the early days how he thought Kennedy was responding to the measles outbreak, he said, Oh, it was, you know, OK. Like, he encouraged people to get vaccinated. And I said, No, he didn’t. He said 鈥� vaccination was a personal choice. And Cassidy said, Well, it’s the gestalt of the thing. And then he slowly, you know, did speak out more. But what I found very striking was the way Kennedy spoke out against Cassidy right after Trump withdrew the Casey Means nomination. And he accused Cassidy of doing the bidding of, you know, the pharmaceutical industry and of forces that would thwart MAHA [Make America Healthy Again], which really tells you that the relationship was and is broken. 

Rovner: Well, to push the segue a little bit, one of the things that Cassidy has, the freed Cassidy, has done this week, as I mentioned, is criticized that $1.8 billion potential fund out there for people to collect who say that they’ve been unfairly taken to court and possibly convicted by the federal government. Alice, it looks like that could include people who broke into and blocked patients from abortion clinics. That would be something that Cassidy would presumably like, because he’s so anti-abortion. But is that really true? 

Ollstein: Yes. So the text of this settlement that was released, it was extremely broad. Really, it’s saying that anyone who feels they’ve been victimized by any administration, past or present, can apply for money from this fund. There really aren’t a lot of guardrails on it, but it did give a few specific examples of people who could apply for this money. And one of those examples was people convicted under the FACE Act, the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, which is a law, since the 1990s, that is aimed at protecting abortion clinics but also anti-abortion crisis pregnancy centers and houses of worship. And it has these additional federal penalties. And so these are folks who the Trump administration pardoned last year, people who are serving felony sentences in many cases for breaking into abortion clinics, blocking the entrances of it, of them. And so , who have been documenting a rise in threats to clinics over the last couple years, since the pardons that came in 2025, at the beginning of Trump’s second term. And now they’re worried that this potential payout to these folks could serve as an increased incentive for that kind of behavior. 

Rovner: Yeah. Well, we will see if Sen. Cassidy, and maybe Sen. Tillis, and maybe some others who’ve expressed some doubts about this fund, manage to block it. Whatever happens for the rest of this year, though, come 2027, there will be a new chairman at the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee. If the Republicans maintain control of the Senate, it’s likely to be one of the two other doctors currently on the committee, Roger Marshall of Kansas or Rand Paul of Kentucky. What could we expect from either of them? They have very different outlooks. 

Ollstein: Yeah, Roger Marshall is a big cheerleader of RFK Jr. and the MAHA movement. He is the head of a MAHA caucus in Congress, and so it would be a complete reversal of the criticisms we have been getting from Cassidy of the administration’s actions on that front 鈥� so, really, replacing one of the HHS secretary’s biggest critics with one of its biggest cheerleaders. 

Stolberg: I think Rand Paul wants to keep [his chairmanship of the ] Homeland Security [and Governmental Affairs Committee], I really do. Because I’m pretty sure he could have been 鈥� could he have been chairman this time around? 

Rovner: I think he, I think 鈥� no, Joanne is shaking her head no. 

Kenen: I might be wrong, but I think not. 

Rovner: But he definitely 鈥� could be chairman, I think, if he wanted it. I think he’s senior to Marshall. 

Stolberg: But I do think he wants to keep Homeland Security. But I think if we saw a Rand Paul chairmanship, we would see a lot of going after the NIH [National Institutes of Health] and investigating [Anthony] Fauci. Rand Paul has repeatedly said he thinks Fauci should be in prison. And 鈥� I think he’s kind of like a dog with a bone there. I don’t think he’s going to let that go. 

Rovner: No, he’s sort of the biggest iconoclast, I think, on that committee. 

Kenen: But there’s also two quite moderate, among the most moderate, Republicans on that committee, which [is] Susan Collins, who obviously has a tough race, and we’re not sure if she’ll be there next year, and Lisa Murkowski. Both of them have other committee assignments on Approps [Appropriations], they’re not being talked about so much in the in the mix for succeeding Cassidy. But it’s an odd committee. It’s always been an interesting committee for years to watch because of the mix of who wants to be on it and what they can do. But the speculation right now is Marshall. 

Stolberg: And if they lose, Bernie Sanders will be the chair, and we’re going to hear a lot about drug prices. 

Rovner: Yes, I think that’s fair. Well, meanwhile, this year, there are still more vacancies happening at a Department of Health and Human Services that never seems to get settled, in the wake of the departure of FDA Commissioner Marty Makary last week. Was it really just last week? Also out is Tracy Beth Høeg, who was running FDA’s drug center and was a vaccine critic and a favorite of the MAHA movement. But, meanwhile, the acting FDA chief, Kyle Diamantes, did some “kiss and make up” with anti-abortion activists who helped lead to Makary’s ouster. Alice, did this work? 

Ollstein: Depends what you mean by “work.” So we reported this a couple weeks ago, and it was really notable that he spent his first couple days in power making personal phone calls to several anti-abortion groups, trying to reassure them that he is on their side, that he has been personally anti-abortion for a while. He was trying to calm a storm that had been brewing when court records came to light showing that he had, as a private attorney a decade ago, represented Planned Parenthood in a legal case in Florida. 

Rovner: It was a real estate case. It had nothing to do with abortion. 

Ollstein: Sort of. It sort of had to do with abortion. It was about what is a surgery, and can a building at this site, you know, be approved for surgery, and is abortion a surgery or just a procedure? So it sort of had to do with abortion. But obviously defending Planned Parenthood in any capacity is verboten in the anti-abortion community, and so that was seen as sort of a black mark on his record that he was rushing to reassure these groups that he did that against his will, that he tried to leave the case, etc. I will say that blitz of outreach did not completely alleviate concerns. We heard from both anti-abortion folks on Capitol Hill and in the advocacy community that they remain concerned. But since he is rumored to not be in the running to be the leader of the agency on a more long-term basis, I think that those concerns are sort of just simmering for now. 

Kenen: Didn’t he represent Planned Parenthood for three full years? 

Ollstein: His name 鈥�  

Kenen: I mean, the case might not have been active, but his name was on there for three 鈥�  

Ollstein: Right. His name was on the documents. 

Kenen: It’s hard to talk about three years and say, Well, I withdrew because I’m morally opposed to abortion. You know, if his name was on there for a week, it would be a more easier case to make, but three years is a lot of days. 

Ollstein: Yeah, and that’s what some folks told us. They said they still have questions, basically, that it’s not clear when he asked to be removed from the case, what his involvement was, etc. And so, yes, people do remain concerned. But because he seems to not be in consideration to be the FDA leader more permanently, then it’s sort of a moot point. 

Rovner: But the immediate concern is this purported study of the safety of mifepristone, which was one of the things that the anti-abortion movement said Makary was sitting on and not doing. Sheryl, I see you nodding 鈥� you guys had some reporting [on] this. What the heck is the status of this study? 

Stolberg: So this is what we reported this week, my colleague Christina Jewett and I. First of all, this study hasn’t even started. 

Rovner: Surprise! 

Stolberg: The basic issue here: There’s a court case going on. The FDA left intact a Biden policy that broadened access to mifepristone, an abortion pill. The state of Louisiana is suing, saying that that policy undermines its ability to enforce its abortion restrictions, which are some of the strictest in the nation, no exceptions for rape or incest. So the FDA has been saying, We will study this issue, we’re studying it, and when we have a determination about the safety of mifepristone, we will reconsider this policy. And they’ve been saying this for months, since last fall. But the fact of the matter is, as we reported, this study has not even begun. And the reason it hasn’t begun, at least according to our sources, is not that Marty Makary was sitting on it. Makary is actually anti-abortion. It is because the FDA wanted to use this database, called the Sentinel Initiative, which is [a] vast database of medical records and insurance billing claims, but they needed an updated version, and it’s been caught up in the bureaucracy by the higher-ups at the somewhat dysfunctional headquarters of the Department of Health and Human Services. So, absent having this database, our sources said the FDA couldn’t begin the study. 

Now, it is true that the delay conveniently coincides with pushing this study past the midterm elections. And Trump and his White House, and Republicans more generally, really want this issue of abortion to go away by the time of the midterms, because they saw what happened in 2022 right after Dobbs. In those midterms, nobody thought abortion was going to be an issue in 2022. Then Dobbs came along, and it really benefited Democrats, and they regained control of the Senate, and they only lost a few seats in the House, where they were supposed to, you know, get slaughtered. So Trump does not want a repeat of that, and they just want this whole thing to go away. 

Rovner: We will keep watching that space. So it’s not just the FDA where the Department of Health and Human Services is seeing changes. Secretary Kennedy has now fired the two leaders of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, which is in charge of determining what preventive services are covered by health insurance. The deadline to nominate new members is this Saturday. It’s unclear as of this morning what will happen. But this is an important group that’s now headless and looks likely to remain that way for some time. And this is not Kennedy’s first strike at the USPSTF. He canceled the panel’s last several meetings and appears to be looking to sideline it completely? I mean, this could create havoc in a lot of other places 鈥� there’s 150 million Americans who are in plans that are covered basically by USPSTF recommendations. 

Kenen: Right, I mean, we should make clear that, in addition to saying, certifying this is a good thing to do for preventive care, it’s also 鈥� creates what certain health plans have to cover legally. 

Rovner: Right, under the Affordable Care Act. 

Stolberg: Such as mammograms, right? 

Kenen: Right, so it’s not just like a recommendation, it’s whether people really do have coverage to follow through on these recommendations. So it’s incredibly important. It hasn’t been, like, compared to a lot of things that are always controversial, and they flip back and forth in different administrations, and they come and go. There’s been controversy sometimes about a specific recommendation changing or causing confusion, but sort of 鈥� there hasn’t been an existential crisis before about it, at least that I remember. 

Rovner: Right. What age should mammograms start, I think, has been the biggest controversy. 

Kenen: That one, yeah, there’s like, and prostate cancer. There are things that like that, which there’s scientific debate, and things change, and 鈥� but that’s different. Like, the fact that this agency that most Americans don’t know exists, but benefit from, it has never been a hot potato, the way you know various other alphabet soup things that people may not be familiar with, but have constantly been, you know, in Congress, you know, AARP, for instance, or 鈥� but this one has just sort of been, Oh yeah, you know, it’s how I get my shots free. 

Rovner: Do we know why Kennedy has had knives out for this? Is it because of the vaccine recommendations? 

Kenen: Probably a factor, but also he does have a lot of control over this agency, and it does shape what he regards as preventive care. I mean, some things are not controversial, some things we would all agree are preventive care, and there’s some things that, you know, we’ve said before that there are things that he’s, he believes 鈥� certain things that there’s broad consensus about. But I think that the whole shift in how he thinks about health and the health industry, or the health industrial complex, as he might call it, and maybe has called it. This is one of the sort of obscure to normal people, but it’s one of the battlegrounds for what is preventive care? Who pays for it, and who gets access? So, I think it’s potentially 鈥� recommending coverage of some unproven supplements, or something like that. 

Stolberg: Right. That’s exactly what I was gonna say. I 鈥� 

Kenen: Peptides. 

Stolberg: Kennedy is fixated on prevention, right? He’s always saying that America has a sick care system, not a healthcare system. We need to focus on prevention. It’s kind of curious to me, then, why he is decimating the CDC, which has the word “prevention” in its name. But I do wonder if he wants to reshape this committee in a way that will cover other things that he sees as prevention 鈥� like supplements, like wearables, like peptides, or all of these other things that are unproven, but that are part of what public health people would call the wellness industrial complex. You know, he rails against the medical industrial complex, but public health people complain about the wellness industry. That’s the only thing that I can think about as to why he might have done this, but I confess I don’t have direct insight into his thinking about this, and just talking about it kind of makes me want to know more. 

Rovner: Well, we will keep watching this space. 

Stolberg: So stay tuned. Maybe Alice knows. 

Rovner: Alice, you have 鈥� you would like to add something? 

Ollstein: Yeah, so we got some foreshadowing that this was coming more than a year ago, because this issue was before the Supreme Court, and the administration surprised some people by technically defending the Affordable Care Act. But, in its argument in defense of this panel, said that it is legal and its folks were legally appointed because they really stressed that the HHS secretary has the power to fire and replace these people or ignore their recommendations or override them. And so the fact that they wanted to make it clear to the court that they had the power to do this 鈥� and, lo and behold, now they’re doing it 鈥� should surprise no one. But, like Sheryl said, exactly why they want to do it and what they plan to do next, we still don’t know. 

Rovner: Well, there could still be even more big personnel changes to come. Department of Health and Human Services last Friday announced that it is moving hundreds of senior career staff to a new civil service classification that strips them of many protections and makes it easier to fire them. This is a new version of the so-called Schedule F that the president floated at the end of his first term, and then was included in Project 2025. Now, if this really happens, and apparently it still requires a separate executive order from the president, it would give Kennedy power to oust even more career HHS workers than have already either been pushed out or forced to retire, or, you know, whatever. I mean, really remake the department in his image, right? 

Stolberg: I’m hearing from a lot of HHS employees who are really worried about this. They’re worried that it’s a de facto system of expanding political appointees 鈥� that, basically, once you serve at will, you’re not really a career servant anymore, you’re serving the whims of your boss, maybe the NIH director or the CDC director, or whomever. And there’s a lot of fear that this will diminish independence at these agencies, especially in the scientific agencies: the NIH, the FDA, and the CDC. 

Rovner: And also just, I mean, discourage people from speaking out, many of them, as scientists, to talk about what the evidence shows, not what a political appointee might desire. 

All right, we’re going to take a quick break. We will be right back. 

OK, we are back. Moving on to public health, the hantavirus outbreak from that cruise ship was apparently just our warm-up. Now we have an outbreak of Ebola in Africa that seems to have all those public health experts who said not to worry about hantavirus, now they’re really worried about Ebola. What’s different about this Ebola outbreak? We’ve had them before, and it’s never really affected us here. 

Stolberg: It’s a novel strain, and, Joanne, you should talk in a minute, but what I think is different, frankly, is that the Trump administration has really injured the public health infrastructure around the world to prevent and track and respond to infectious disease outbreaks. So we’ve withdrawn from the World Health Organization, we’ve dismantled USAID [the United States Agency for International Development], which I noticed was founded in 1961 under President John F. Kennedy, in part to combat the spread of disease. And funding is withering, and people in [the Democratic Republic of] Congo, public health people in Congo, are saying, like, this outbreak got out of hand before they even knew it was happening. And the question is, did all of these cuts hinder our response? 

Rovner: Yeah, which, I mean, if we’d had people on the ground, we probably would have known about it sooner. 

Kenen: Yeah, I agree with everything Sheryl said. The other thing is, I mean, this is one of the poorest countries in the world, and yet they’ve had a bunch of Ebola outbreaks, and they’re actually pretty good at handling them, for a low-resource country. This is much worse for where it broke out. There’s conflict in parts of the country. There’s refugee camps, where sanitation and people are very close. And it’s just a worst-case scenario. And because it is the rare strain, the standard, most commonly used tests don’t pick it up. So it’s not like they didn’t notice something bad was going on, but when they tested, the locally available tests came out negative, because it was not the most common Zaire strain they were most used to seeing, and that were best at fighting. So this is already spread undetected. It wasn’t like they thought, Oh, this couldn’t be Ebola, and then it had already spread before they knew it, not just in that country, but in, at least, to Uganda. And the real bad thing is the vaccine doesn’t work, as far as they know. And most of the treatments that have been developed for Ebola, which is not an easily treatable or curable disease, even with the advances that have been made, they don’t work for this one, or at least they’re not believed to work very well. Every time I look it up, the number’s gone up by like another 100. I think there’s 600 confirmed cases now, something in that range. And by tomorrow, as the disease spreads and as they detect more, we’re looking at a really terrible scenario of late detection and a hard-to-treat, really lethal version of this disease that’s already in a geopolitical bad place for a bad disease. 

Rovner: And possible spread. 

Kenen: Yes, and plus, as Sheryl said, you know, the global public health infrastructure 鈥� combination of the cutting of 鈥� the wood chipping of AID, plus the U.S.’s intent of leaving WHO, and we’re a big source of funding 鈥� and it’s just really a diminished capacity. 

Rovner: We will clearly have more on this next week. Moving on to news about the Affordable Care Act, my colleagues here at 麻豆女优 have a  out projecting that marketplace enrollment could fall by 5 million by the end of the year. And that even those who have managed to hang on to coverage have much higher deductibles, with the average of nearly $4,000 before their insurance kicks in for most things. That’s up $1,000 from the year before, and the biggest increase in the history of the program. And in its final rule for 2027, the Trump administration is proposing even more big changes to the ACA, including making it easier for people to sign up for those so-called catastrophic plans with even bigger deductibles, and to sign up for something called non-network plans, which, as far as I can tell, basically say we, the insurance company, will pay a set fee for services, and if you can’t find a healthcare provider to accept that fee, that’s too bad for you. Am I misreading this? Is that how these plans seem to work? 

Kenen: Your guess is as good as mine, Julie. We haven’t seen this before, and we don’t know 鈥� like many things this administration proposes, and we don’t always know exactly what they mean at the beginning, and then when it becomes 鈥� presumably it will become somewhat clearer. But I’d never heard of this before. 

Stolberg: I would just say this is 鈥� not what Congress intended when it passed the ACA, and Obama signed it into law in 2010. 

Rovner: I think that is definitely fair. I will say, when the ACA passed, I spent a lot of time reading it, and all the places that it gave, quote-unquote, “secretarial discretion,” I thought to myself, The secretary isn’t always going to be somebody who supports this. I think this is a good example of it, that the secretary of HHS has a lot of discretion to do stuff like this, and they seem to be doing it. And you know, unlike some of the other things that they’re doing, this does not seem to be against the rules. 鈥� It seems fairly clear that they can. Alice, did you want to add something? 

Ollstein: Yeah, I mean, I think it just helps us to keep in mind that, you know, while there’s always a lot of attention on the numbers of uninsured and the recent numbers of people dropping their insurance because they can’t afford it anymore, there’s a whole other category of people who are newly becoming underinsured, who are moving from comprehensive plans that’ll be there for them when they need them, when they get sick, when they have facing a major health crisis, and plans that are very skimpy and won’t really cover what they need, or they’ll be facing such a huge deductible that they can’t afford to pay that either, and so I think it helps us keep a broader scope in terms of assessing, you know, the health of the marketplace. The uninsured numbers aren’t the only thing to pay attention to. 

Rovner: Yeah, and I think it’s important that 鈥� the 麻豆女优 analysis said that the numbers of people losing insurance were smaller than had originally been predicted, because so many people moved from affordable deductible plans to basically unaffordable deductible plans. So they still have insurance, sort of in name, even if most people don’t have $10,000 hanging around that they can use to pay their deductible if something happens. 

Kenen: The first Trump administration, obviously, you know, he got elected on “repeal and replace,” which was a failure. Spent a lot of political capital and didn’t repeal 鈥� or certainly didn’t replace it. But from the very beginning, from like the very, very beginning, they were always trying to undermine the ACA, and in a variety of ways. And uninsurance 鈥� those numbers did rise after the first few years of the ACA. There was a steady increase in coverage and in comprehensive coverage. It deteriorated in the Trump administration the first time around, but what we’re seeing this time is much, much larger projections of lost coverage. And that’s not even counting 鈥� that’s just in the ACA. That doesn’t count what’s going to happen with Medicaid and the private insurance market in general, and whatever they’re going to do with discussions about changes in Medicare. People aren’t going to lose Medicare completely, but there could be 鈥� no one’s talking about repealing Medicare, but there are a lot of levers to change how people get care. So this is a pretty aggressive approach without using the politically difficult traumatic memories of repeal and replace. 

Rovner: Yeah, we’re just gonna go in and change it a lot. 

Stolberg: I was gonna say it suggests that we need to start tracking people who have catastrophic plans, because to call them insured is really not the case. And you know, this really plays out in people’s lives. I actually know someone who fell and injured both legs, and the doctors wanted to do MRIs on each, and this person said, “No, I can only afford one.” And you know, you think about the choices that people are forced to make. 

Rovner: And that they’re not forced to make in any other industrialized country. I think that’s sort of the thing that people miss. It’s like we are the only country where you can fall down the stairs and go broke. You will get care, we 鈥� have EMTALA [the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act], we have other laws. You will be taken to a medical facility, and care will be delivered, and then you will be broke. I mean, that’s kind of where we are in the United States right now. 

Kenen: But we should also point out a version of catastrophic plans, or bronze plans, has existed. It’s always been options for people who truly want that option, right? For some individuals, that might be the best choice, and the original version of ACA had it. But it’s being changed because the end of the enhanced subsidies and other factors, the other options are less affordable for many people. There’s a lot of nudges in capital letters pushing people into these flimsier plans. So it’s been around for a while in various forms. Some people want them. But they’re looming now as like a big part of coverage, as opposed to an option that some people might want to choose. 

Rovner: And originally catastrophic plans were supposed to be accompanied by medical savings accounts 鈥� they were originally called, now they’re called health savings accounts. The idea is that you would, you, the consumer, would be given some money, so that you would be able to pay for these things before you got to your deductible, and that’s kind of going away. I mean, rich people now have health savings accounts because they’re a good tax shelter. But most people with high-deductible plans don’t. They’re just expected to be able to come up with this money on their own. That was not even the original conservative idea: Give people more control over their money. This is simply, We’re going to give you cheaper insurance by saying that we’re not going to pay for the first however many thousands dollars’ worth of care that you need. 

Kenen: We’re going to give you great cheap insurance as long as you don’t get sick or injured. 

Rovner: Exactly. All right. Well, that is this week’s news. Now we will play my interview with Miranda Yaver. Then we will come back and do our extra credits.  

I am pleased to welcome to the podcast Miranda Yaver, who I have followed for some years now. She’s an assistant professor of health policy and management at the University of Pittsburgh, and the author of a timely new book called Coverage Denied: How Health Insurers Drive Inequality in the United States. Miranda Yaver, welcome to What the Health? 

Miranda Yaver: Thanks so much for having me. I appreciate it. 

Rovner: So, you came to health policy less because of initial academic interest than because of need, right? How did you end up here [rolling] in the muck with us other health policy nerds? 

Yaver: Yeah, we’d been really interested in health policy, and I’d been writing on the ACA repeal efforts, but my work had been pretty separate. And then I ran into some health issues, and the great American experience is running into health issues often means running into insurance issues. And I just kept sort of stepping back and realizing I have so much privilege in terms of health literacy, job flexibility. If I’m struggling, what do other people who don’t have the education and the stamina to be able to do it, how did they navigate healthcare access? And so I just really wanted to take this opportunity to bring my social science skills to this health policy space that felt rather understudied. 

Rovner: So, there are a lot of things that are wrong with our healthcare system. How did you come to focus on insurance company denials, and what does that tell us about the greater dysfunction of the U.S. healthcare system? 

Yaver: Yeah, so one of the things that I was really struck by as I was experiencing denials of my own, was that 麻豆女优 had done such great work to catalog the number of claim denials and the infrequency of appeals. But no one had really gotten under the hood to get a feel for who these people are, and how does this reshape lives? And so people can get denied in a couple of different ways, it can be prior to treatment 鈥� or, which is to say prior authorization, or required health insurer preapproval 鈥� or it can happen on the other end. And those are going to have very different experiences for the patient, where prior authorization may mean that healthcare is going to be out of reach for a while in a country where healthcare is exceedingly expensive. Whereas with claim denials, where we will have received the care, but then we’re dealing with the financial repercussions of the insurer not picking up at least part of the tab. And so thinking about this through the lens of burden and equity felt like a really important story here. So I really look at this insurance complexity through this lens of administrative burden, because these are these really big bureaucracies that we often have to navigate when we’re not having our best day. 

Rovner: I mean, it’s not just education, often it’s just time. I mean, one of the things that insurers love to do is make you sit on hold forever. If you have not a desk job, basically you can’t do that. 

Yaver: Yeah, absolutely. I’m fortunate 鈥� in academia, I work a lot, but it is sufficiently flexible that I can be on hold between 2 and 4 on a Tuesday and make up my work later, and that isn’t something that everyone can do. And so Annie Lowrey has this great piece in The Atlantic called “The Time Tax,” which I cite in this book. And it really is laborious, and it becomes easy once you’ve started to navigate this oneself to realize why so many appeals are ultimately abandoned by patients. 

Rovner: So, in many cases, insurers deny coverage because healthcare providers have incentives to provide too much care, often care that’s not necessary, or maybe more expensive than necessary, in order to pad their own pocketbooks, or serve their own private equity owners, or whatever. Doesn’t some of the blame for this problem fall on providers? 

Yaver: Yeah, these tools didn’t originate without any underlying purpose. So we see prior authorization come up amid concerns about greater healthcare spending, health inflation, but also overutilization 鈥� overtesting and overtreatment. And so my book doesn’t so much aim to dispel that argument so much as raise the question of: Do we address this with a hammer or a scalpel? And essentially thinking about, yes, there is overutilization, and there’s a really great book called Unhealthy Politics that also really dives into what accounts for this. Some of it is financial incentive, some of it is just practices get really entrenched, and we don’t update our beliefs very quickly, based on, you know, a latest study, potentially, and a lot of other factors. And so there is this overutilization. There’s some question about exactly how much there is. And then, you know, medical malpractice raises defensive medicine concerns on top of all of that. And so there are a lot of reasons why we have overutilization, but then there’s this question that I raise, which is essentially: Is the answer to this utilization to impose broad-based barriers to care and administrative burdens that are borne by both patients as well as their physicians, as opposed to going after the overprescribers? 

Rovner: So what surprised you most in researching and writing this book? 

Yaver: So I was really initially coming at this book from the patient perspective. So I did a survey, I did interviews, and I wasn’t actually thinking about the physician side quite as much when I was writing this. And I realized I was wrong, that even though we do have these challenges of overprescribing prior auth works to mitigate, I also really got a better appreciation of the immense staffing support and broader burdens that this causes for physicians, which I’ve also argued elsewhere can contribute to inequities among physicians’ experience of this. Because Black and Hispanic physicians are more likely to work in smaller solo practices, where we can’t have all that staffing support. And mental health providers are more likely to operate in small and solo practices, where it’s just harder to shift that burden to administrative support. And so I really enjoyed getting to dive into that side of things. And then, you know, I was just really felt grateful that so many patients just trusted me with their stories. And some of them were infuriating, some were heartbreaking, and some really just highlighted that there’s also administrative error that can be costly to both patients and their physicians. 

Rovner: So is there a way to address this without tearing the entire system down and rebuilding it all at once, which I know we’re probably moving towards at some point. 

Yaver: So one of the ways that I argue that this can be addressed 鈥� is through a shift to an audit-based model. So if overprescribing is an issue, and it is an issue to some extent, why not target those who are prescribing outliers? And then maybe do random audits of everyone else with the idea that prior authorization could potentially be a penalty for overprescribing 鈥� a watchful eye when someone seems to be ordering a tremendous number of lower lumbar spine MRIs, which is a sign of overprescribing. And then for people who seem to be doing appropriate prescribing, allow them to have the greater professional autonomy in doing so. And so I think that this would bring prior authorization closer to its original purpose of an appropriate guardrail, whereas right now I think a lot of the pain and frustration that my book works to illuminate is that it has just seeped into every corner of healthcare delivery, even areas where there isn’t evidence of abuse. I mean, PrEP can have prior authorization 鈥� we’re not taking that for fun. Insulin is a huge source of frustration to get covered. 

Rovner: One would think that doctors are not prescribing insulin for profit. 

Yaver: No, exactly. And especially in a country where insulin is so expensive, this is not something that people are taking for a rainy day. So I think that that is a real illustration of how prior auth has evolved. And I think that then, when I was really diving into insulin in the book, I kept wondering, like, if you don’t give someone a continuous glucose monitor, aren’t they going to get sicker and costlier to treat? And I think that the surprising factor that I hadn’t really appreciated until writing this was the fact that people changing insurance companies can often reshape the incentives to cover these things. 

Rovner: Well, dare I say it, this sounds like something that Congress would actually have to address. 

Yaver: Yeah, I mean that’s one of the challenging things is that this big gnarly law called ERISA [the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974] 鈥� which I’m now writing a book about, because I have some masochistic tendencies, it turns out 鈥� really limits what states can do with respect to the majority of employer-sponsored health insurance. And so in so many areas of health policy, we’re pretty accustomed to saying, OK, well, D.C. is really gridlocked, but at least California and Massachusetts 鈥� and take your pick of other states 鈥� can move the needle. And ERISA, preempting state policymaking that relates to so much of health insurance, really limits that. And so this really is an area where national reform is needed, but, of course, politics is pretty fraught right now, to say the least. 

Rovner: We will come back when maybe politics is a little bit less fraught. But Miranda Yaver, thank you. Thank you for contributing to the knowledge base here, and thanks for coming on. 

Yaver: Thanks so much. It’s been a real pleasure. 

Rovner: OK, we are back. It’s time for our extra-credit segment. That’s where we each recognize a story we read this week we think you should read, too. Don’t worry if you miss it. We will post the links in our show notes on your phone or other mobile device. Alice, why don’t you start us off this week? 

Ollstein: Yes, so I have a very grim story that is part of Stat’s ongoing series on alcohol and its many healthcare consequences. And this latest installment is by Isabella Cueto [“”], and it is about drinking during pregnancy, which is unfortunately, despite decades of public health efforts to stop it, is still fairly prevalent and really damaging. It has lots of physical and neurological impacts on developing fetuses. It got worse during the pandemic, and there is a lot of misinformation. And so, to be clear, this article stresses that the medical evidence is that no amount of drinking in pregnancy is considered safe. And that comes as people are getting mixed messages, even from doctors, about whether that’s the case. So, definitely something I recommend reading. 

Rovner: Yeah, the whole series is really good. Joanne. 

Kenen: This is a story from The Associated Press by Tiffany Stanley: “.” It was interesting because this is 鈥� he’s a reproductive endocrinologist working on IVF [in vitro fertilization], and he’s anti-abortion, deeply religious, and has been wrestling, you know, with the destruction of the excess embryos, or the perpetual storage of them. But he also believed, you know, he found value in helping couples have babies, and his 鈥� I don’t want to use the word “compromised” in any kind of negative way, I mean 鈥� his solution for him was to start a sort of a Christian-guided IVF practice, where they’re basically using fewer embryos. Now that makes some of the religious couples more comfortable. It can raise the cost, because IVF is not 100% certain by any means, so if you have fewer embryos, you might have to go through even more cycles. It also made me think, and I’m not an expert on this, and one of you might know, I mean, there is such things as egg freezing now. The technology is not fabulous yet. It is better than it was a few years ago. I mean, I’m sort of wondering, do we get 鈥� IVF technology is much better. Success rates are better. There are fewer multiple births. There’s 鈥� they were able to bring the embryos out to six or seven days after fertilization. It’s very different than it was 20 or 30 years ago. But if you got to the point where egg freezing was really viable and that they really worked well, it would eliminate this whole issue of the stored embryos. But I just thought it was interesting in that this was a man with two competing sets of values, right? He was against the destruction of embryos, and he was for the creation of embryos, and as a doctor, he had the power to address both in a way that probably some Christians would still find ethically problematic, but it does give religious couples some new choices too. 

Rovner: Yeah, it was a really interesting story. Sheryl, you also have a reproductive health story. Oh, go ahead. 

Stolberg: I do, but I just want to say about Joanne’s story, that is so interesting to me because 25 years ago, when George W. Bush was considering stem cells, I wrote about an adoption agency, a Nightlight Christian Adoptions that 鈥� 

Rovner: Snowflake babies! 

Stolberg: 鈥� had these quote-unquote “snowflake babies,” right. And they were adopting out frozen embryos with the argument was that, see, we don’t have to destroy these embryos for stem cells, we can adopt them out to religious couples. 

Kenen: That’s mentioned in this story too, that is 鈥� but it’s never 鈥� I wrote about them too, and Julie did, but it’s never really caught on on a super 鈥� and we all know people have gone through IVF, and even people who aren’t deeply religious, or the whole thing of those leftover frozen embryos does bother people. And the science is changing, and 鈥� you don’t need as many embryos as you might have, or they freeze better, you could have one IVF cycle, and two kids. But I just thought it was a thoughtful article about an interesting phenomenon. 

Rovner: It was. OK, Sheryl, your extra credit. 

Stolberg: My extra credit is 麻豆女优 Health News by Jazmin Orozco Rodriguez. It’s called “Religious Anti-Abortion Center Finds Opportunity in Town Without OB-GYNs.” And the story is set in Idaho, where crisis pregnancy centers are flourishing, as they are across the country in the wake of Dobbs. And one reason I really like this was because, in 2023, I traveled to Idaho and I , and maternity care was suffering as a result. And this story really shows what’s happening three years on, which is that local hospitals are shuttering their maternity wards and their labor and delivery units. And in towns with very limited maternity care, these crisis pregnancy centers, often run by religious organizations, are basically the replacement. But in this particular case, this center that they focused on was not medically licensed, not required to meet regulatory standards for medical facilities, and has an agenda that discourages pregnant women from terminating their pregnancies. And there have been a lot of investigations of these kind of centers saying that they mislead patients by drawing them in with offers that, you know, you’ll get free pregnancy care, etc., etc. And so this is really kind of the upshot of Dobbs and how it’s playing out and in small towns and rural places across America. 

Rovner: Yeah, it is. All right, my extra credit this week is from The Wall Street Journal. It’s called “” It’s by Josh Dawsey, C. Ryan Barber, and Liz Essley Whyte, who, by the way, will be joining our podcast panel soon. It’s quite the eye-opener to follow on our tobacco discussion of the past few weeks about how yet another source of nicotine, in addition to cigarettes and vapes, nicotine pouches have become hugely popular in Trump administration circles as a way to get that nicotine buzz without inhaling stuff into your lungs. Now, these are not harmless products. Nicotine is addictive, and scientific evidence on the pouch’s safety is relatively thin, although they’ve been growing rapidly in popularity, particularly among young men, pushed by some of the biggest tobacco companies. It’s yet another piece of the puzzle of why this administration, which purports to be so health-conscious, seems to have kind of a blind spot when it comes to tobacco-related substances. 

All right, that is this week’s show. As always, thanks to our editor this week, Stephanie Stapleton, and our producer-engineer, Francis Ying. A reminder: What the Health? is now available on WAMU platforms, the NPR app, and wherever you get your podcasts 鈥� as well as, of course, kffhealthnews.org. Also, as always, you can email us your comments or questions. We’re at whatthehealth@kff.org. Or you can still find me on X , or on Bluesky . Where are you folks hanging these days? Alice? 

Ollstein:  on Bluesky and  on X. 

Rovner: Joanne. 

Kenen: I’m Joanne Kenen on  and I’m on . 

Rovner: Sheryl. 

Stolberg: And I’m at @SherylNYT on  and also on . That’s Sheryl with an S. 

Rovner: We will be back in your feed next week. Until then, be healthy. 

[Editor’s note: This transcript was generated using both transcription software and a human’s light touch. It has been edited for style and clarity.] 

Mary Agnes Carey: Hello from 麻豆女优 Health News and WAMU radio in Washington, D.C. Welcome to What the Health? I’m Mary Agnes Carey, managing editor of 麻豆女优 Health News, filling in for Julie Rovner this week. And as always, I’m joined by some of the best and smartest health reporters covering Washington. We’re taping this week on Friday, April 17, at 10 a.m. As always, news happens fast and things might have changed by the time you hear this. So here we go. 

Today we’re joined via videoconference by Anna Edney of Bloomberg News. 

Anna Edney: Hi, everybody. 

Carey: Joanne Kenen of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Politico Magazine. 

Joanne Kenen: Hi, everybody. 

Carey: And my 麻豆女优 Health News colleague Emmarie Huetteman. 

Emmarie Huetteman: Hey there. 

Carey: Later in this episode, we’ll play Julie’s interview with immigration attorney Michelle Canero about the impact the Trump administration’s immigration policies are having on the medical workforce. But first, this week’s news 鈥� and there is plenty of it. 

On Thursday, President [Donald] Trump nominated Dr. Erica Schwartz to lead the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Schwartz, a vaccine supporter, served as a deputy surgeon general in President Trump’s first term, and during the coronavirus pandemic she ran the federal government’s drive-through testing program. She’s also a Navy officer and a retired rear admiral in the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service. Her appointment requires Senate confirmation. President Trump also announced other changes to the agency’s top leadership: Sean Slovenski, a health care industry executive, as the agency’s deputy director and chief operating officer; Dr. Jennifer Shuford, health commissioner for Texas, as deputy director and chief medical officer, and Dr. Sara Brenner, who briefly served as acting commissioner of the FDA [Food and Drug Administration], as a senior counselor to Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F Kennedy Jr. So we’ve discussed previously on the podcast several times that the CDC has lacked a permanent director for most of the president’s second term. Will Dr. Schwartz, if confirmed, and the other members of this new leadership team make the difference? 

Huetteman: I think that we’ve seen a CDC that’s been in a protracted period of turmoil, and this is going to be an opportunity for maybe a shift in that. Dr. Schwartz would actually be the agency’s fourth leader in a little more than a year, and we’ve talked on the podcast about how naming someone who could fit the bill to lead the CDC was a difficult task facing the Trump administration. They needed someone who could support the MAHA [Make America Healthy Again] agenda while not embracing some of the more anti-vaccine views, and that person needed to be able to win Senate confirmation, which isn’t a given, even with this Republican-controlled Senate. 

Edney: And I think we’ve seen that there have been some people already in the MAHA coalition that have come out and been upset about this pick. So I think what that shows is a calculated decision by the administration to, kind of, as they’ve been doing for this year, is kind of not focus on the vaccine part of Secretary Kennedy’s agenda and to, as Emmarie said, try to get someone that can get through Senate confirmation. We’ve already seen the surgeon general nominee be held up in the Senate because she was not as strong on vaccines as I think some would have liked to see when she had her confirmation hearing. 

Kenen: So this happened late yesterday, and I’ve been traveling this week, but I did have a chance to talk to some public health people about her, and there was sort of this audible sigh of relief. The Senate is a very unpredictable place, and we live in very unpredictable times. At this point, my initial gut reaction is she’s got a pretty good chance of confirmation. The other thing, I think some of the other appointees, there’s a little bit more concern about, but what really matters is who is the face of the CDC, and she would be the face of the CDC. She would be in charge, and people like her. Also, this is an administration that has not had a lot of minorities, and she will be, she’s a Black woman. respected in her field. And that also is going to 鈥� she needs to be able to speak to all Americans about their health, and I think that people welcome that as well, both her credentials and her life experience. So, yeah, I think that MAHA is sort of in this funny moment now, because clearly Kennedy isn’t doing everything that people wanted or expected. And so we’ll sort of see how the 鈥� I think if he had his ideal CDC director, this, we can probably surmise that this would not, she would not be the first on his list. But there’s a certain amount of adaptation going on at the moment. So I think many, many people will be relieved to see somebody get through, confirmed pretty quickly. People can get held up for things that have absolutely nothing to do with the CDC or public health. The Senate has all sorts of peculiarities. But I think there’s probably going to be a desire to get this done pretty quickly. 

Carey: All right. Well, we’ll see what happens, and we will go back to the MAHA folks a little bit later in the podcast. But right now I want to shift to Capitol Hill. Thursday was a very big day on the Hill for HHS Secretary Kennedy. He kicked off a series of appearances before Congress. This week he’s testifying before three House committees before he heads over to the Senate next week. This is the first time that the secretary has visited some of these House panels, and while the purpose of the latest congressional visit is to talk about President Trump’s HHS budget request, this also was the first time that a lot of lawmakers ever had an opportunity to talk to Kennedy, and what they asked him sometimes deviated, maybe quite a bit, from that subject of federal funding. The topics included Medicaid fraud, measles outbreaks, the birth-dose recommendation for the hepatitis B vaccine, peptides, unaccompanied minors, and more 鈥� actually, much more when you look at the hearings from yesterday, and I’m sure that will also happen with today’s session. What stood out to you about Kennedy’s testimony this week? 

Edney: I think it was the mix of questions, and you sort of alluded to this, but they wanted, the members of Congress wanted to talk about so many things. And I feel like in the earlier hearing, which was in the House Ways and Means Committee, that it was, there was a lot of focus in the beginning on fraud, and that sort of surprised me, and then we saw maybe one or two questions on vaccines. And so I thought the mix of questions, the things that members were interested in, were really interesting. And it did 鈥� there were some fiery moments, but for his first time on the Hill in a while, for such a controversial Cabinet member, I thought they were pretty tame. 

Kenen: Yeah, I watched a fair amount of the morning. I did not see the afternoon, but I read about the afternoon, and I totally agree with Anna’s take. This administration and Kennedy did what this administration has been doing. They blame all problems on [former president Joe] Biden and the prior administration. And to be fair, Democrats, when they’re in power, they, I don’t think they do it quite to this extreme, but Democrats spend, when they have the chance, they blame things on Republicans. So that’s sort of Washington as usual. The emphasis on fraud has been a hallmark of this administration, particularly in health and social services. And you’ve seen, of course, in the way they’ve gone after blue states in particular. And a lot of their justification for the changes in Medicaid that are coming in the coming year are supposedly because of massive fraud and they’re cracking down. It was not dominated by vaccines, and I was watching Kennedy’s face really carefully. When he was asked about the first child to die of measles in Texas last year, and a Democrat asked him could the vaccine have saved her life, and you could sort of see him just, you just sort of watch his facial expressions, and he knew he had to say this, and he came out with the word “possibly,” and, which is a change. And then in the afternoon 鈥� where I did not, as I said, I did not watch the afternoon, but I read about it 鈥� he was much more certain. He was much stronger about the measles vaccine and said it’s, the measles vaccine, is safer than measles, which is a big signal shift there. 

Huetteman: It’s true, although I will point out, though, that he did stand by the decision to remove the recommendation for the birth dose of the hepatitis B vaccine when he was pressed on that. So it was, I agree it was a softening, I’d say. At least it wasn’t a dramatic turnaround from what he’d said or not said in the past. But for him, it was at least a softening. 

Kenen: In the hepatitis B recommendation, he said that the biggest threat to infection was at, through birth, at, through the mother, and if you test the mother, the baby is not at risk. And that’s partially true, and that is a significant factor to eliminate risk. It doesn’t 鈥� it minimizes risk. It does not eliminate risk. Babies can and have been infected in the first weeks of life in other ways. The recommendation was not to totally eliminate that vaccine. It was to postpone it. But there’s, public health, still believe that, in general, many public health leaders would still say that the vaccine at birth is the better way of doing it. 

Carey: The focus was, theoretically, on the budget request from the administration. Did the secretary shed any light on those priorities or their impacts? I was taken, I think in the afternoon hearing I read about various lawmakers, including Rosa DeLauro from Connecticut, who sort of just said: A CDC cut of 30%? We’re not gonna do that. And there were also some Republican members who jumped in to sort of say, I don’t think we’re going to do the cuts you envision. But did the secretary defend them? Did he bring any new clarity to them? 

Edney: I don’t feel like I gained any new clarity on it. I think to bring it back to Budget 101, I guess, is like when the president, when the administration, sends down their budget, I think a lot of people already assume it’s dead on arrival. And maybe even though Kennedy is there to talk about the budget, it does become this broader hearing, because they don’t get him on the Hill that often and people go there to talk about all kinds of things, and I think that he probably knew that he didn’t have to defend it in the same way, because it’s not going to happen. 

Carey: Sure. As they say, the president proposes and Congress disposes. But Joanne, you want to jump in? 

Kenen: Yeah, there’s something significant about this administration, which is Congress has repeatedly authorized more money for various health programs and science programs, and the administration doesn’t spend it, so that there’s a different dynamic. Traditionally, yes, Congress 鈥� the president proposes, Congress legislates, and then people go off and spend money. That’s what people like to do. And in this case, when Congress has, in a bipartisan way, differed with the administration and restored funding, it hasn’t all gone, those dollars haven’t gone out the door. So the entire sort of checks-and-balances system has been askew in terms of funding. I agree with everybody here. I do not think that Congress is going to accept these extreme cuts across the board in health care and health policy, in public health and science and NIH [the National Institutes of Health] and everything, but I don’t know what they’re actually going to spend at the end of the day. 

Carey: Emmarie, you wanted to jump in. 

Huetteman: Yeah, there was one striking exchange to me where the secretary acknowledged he wasn’t happy with the cuts that were proposed. I think those were his words. But he pretty quickly added, and neither is President Trump, and he framed it as a matter of making hard decisions when faced with federal budget shortfalls. 

Carey: All right. Well, we’ll keep watching this as it moves through Congress. Also during yesterday’s House Ways and Means hearing, some Democrats took issue with past statements from Secretary Kennedy and President Trump that linked Tylenol use during pregnancy to autism in children. released this week in JAMA Pediatrics found that the use of Tylenol by women during pregnancy was not associated with autism in their children. This nationwide study from Denmark followed more than one and a half million kids born between 1997 and 2002, including more than 31,000 who were exposed to Tylenol in the womb. in another medical journal examining community water fluoridation exposure from childhood to age 80 found no impact on IQ or brain function. Kennedy has claimed that fluoride in water has led to IQ loss in children. These studies clearly debunk medical claims that have gotten a lot of attention. Will these findings have an impact now? 

Kenen: I think we’ve seen over and over and over again that there are people who are very deeply wedded to certain beliefs, and new science, new research, does not deter them from those beliefs. We also see some people who are sort of in the middle, who are uncertain, and new findings can shift their beliefs, right? And then, of course, there’s a lot of 鈥� these are not new studies. I mean these are new studies but they are not the first of their kind. The reason we’ve been using fluoride for, what, 60 years now in the water. Tylenol has been around a long time. So is it going to change everybody’s belief? No. Is it going to perhaps slow the push to ban fluoridation? Perhaps. But I just don’t think we know, because we’re sort of on these dual-reality tracks regarding a lot of science in this country, where once people sort of buy into disinformation, they’re very, it’s very hard to change 鈥� or misinformation 鈥� it’s hard to change people’s minds. 

Edney: I do think, on the Tylenol front 鈥� I absolutely agree with what Joanne said overall. And I think on the Tylenol front that it’s possible that this study will give pediatricians something to give and talk about with parents that are asking. I think there still is some confusion among some people. It’s not a huge, I don’t think, widespread thing, but I think there are some new parents who are wondering. And if you are able to take this study that is published in 2026 鈥� it just happened, it was after Trump made his statements 鈥� I think maybe that would give them something to talk about with their patients. 

Kenen: I agree with Anna. I think the Tylenol one is easier to change than some of the fluoridation stuff going on, partly because so many of us 鈥� and we should just say, it’s not just the Tylenol, the brand. It’s acetaminophen, which I’ve never pronounced right. I think those of us who have been pregnant, we’ve taken that in our life before and we don’t think of it as a big, dangerous, heavy prescription drug. I think we’ve, it’s something we feel comfortable with. And I think there’s also the counterinformation, which is, a fever in a pregnant woman can, a pregnant person can be dangerous to the fetus. So I think that one’s a little 鈥� and I don’t, also, I don’t think it’s as deep-rooted. The fluoridation stuff goes back decades, and the Tylenol thing is sort of new. And it might be, I’m not sure that the course of these arguments 鈥� I think that Tylenol is easier to counter than some other things, because partly just we do feel safe with it. 

Carey: All right. We’re going to take a quick break. We’ll be right back. 

We’re back and talking about how the Trump administration is managing the voters behind the Make America Healthy Again, or MAHA, movement, which helped President Trump win the 2024 election. My colleagues Stephanie Armour and Maia Rosenfeld wrote about the administration’s recent decision to give coke oven plants in the U.S. a one-year exemption from tougher environmental standards. And that was a move that angered some MAHA activists who wondered if the GOP is more beholden to industry than the MAHA agenda. President Trump, HHS Secretary Kennedy, and other top administration officials met recently at the White House with a group of MAHA leaders to calm concerns that the administration is moving too slowly on food policy changes, and they are concerned about the president’s recent support of the pesticide glyphosate. According to press reports, the MAHA folks seem to feel their concerns were heard during that session. But is this ongoing conflict between the president and this key political constituency, will it be one that keeps brewing as the midterm elections approach? 

Edney: Yes, 100%. I think it will continue to brew. I think that meeting was thrown together so quickly that some members of the MAHA movement who were invited couldn’t even make it. So it wasn’t exactly a long-planned, seemingly deep desire to fix everything. But it was, as you’ve said, an effort to kind of hear them out and make them feel heard. No one that I’ve talked to has said everything is fixed now. It’s more of a to-be-determined We will see what the administration will do moving forward, if they will listen to any of our plans 鈥� which we will not share with you, by the way 鈥� to make us happy. And I think that that’s going to continue. There’s a rally planned in front of the Supreme Court on glyphosate later this month where a lot of those people will be, and so I think that they’re upset and they’re stirring up, that concern is only going to get stirred up more. 

Carey: Emmarie. 

Huetteman: It’s a small thing, but our fellow podcast panelist Sheryl Stolberg at The New York Times during this White House meeting where President Trump was meeting with MAHA leaders, one of the leaders made a joke about how this is not a group that’s going to be, quote, “Team Diet Coke,” and the president apparently took that as a cue to press that Diet Coke button he famously has on his desk and summon a server who apparently brought him a Diet Coke. Supporters of MAHA have been clear that they want not just for the Trump administration to promote policies supporting priorities like healthy eating and removing food dyes, but also they want them to rein in or end policies they don’t support. And that weed-killer executive order, that really was a big example of that. The MAHA constituency made it clear that they felt betrayed by that order, and they’re going to have to do some work to walk that back. 

Carey: We’ll also see how, with their concerns about the new CDC director nominee, which they’re already voicing, we’ll see how that plays out. 

Kenen: No, I just think that we are, as we mentioned at the beginning, we’re seeing cracks, right? We’re seeing 鈥� none of us are privy to any conversations that President Trump has had privately with Secretary Kennedy. But his, Secretary Kennedy’s, public statements have been a little different than they were a few months ago. There’s certainly been reports that he’s been told to soft-pedal vaccines and talk about some of the things that there’s more unanimity across ideological and party lines. Healthier food 鈥� there’s debate about how to, whether, there’s debate about how Kennedy defines healthier food. But in general, should we eat healthier? Yes, we should eat healthier. Should our kids get more exercise? Yes, our kids should get more exercise. Do we have too much chronic disease? Yes, we have too much chronic disease. So they’re sort of this, trying to move a little bit more, sort of this sort of top line, very hazier agreement. But at the same time, the people who are sort of really the core of MAHA, as Kennedy has sort of created it or led it, there’s cracks there. 

Carey: All right, we’ll see. We’ll see where that goes. But let’s go ahead and move on to ACA enrollment. A found that 1 in 7 people who signed up for an Affordable Care Act plan failed to pay their first month’s premium. The analysis from Wakely consulting group found that nationally around 14% of those who enrolled in ACA plans didn’t pay their first bill for January coverage. Now we know the elimination of the enhanced ACA tax credits and higher premium costs led to lower enrollment in the ACA exchanges, with sign-ups for 2026 falling to 23 million from 24 million a year ago. But how do you interpret this finding that 14% of enrollees didn’t pay their January premium? Is it a sign of more trouble ahead? 

Edney: I think it could be a sign of more trouble ahead. Some 鈥� what we’re seeing is sticker shock. And there may be some people who are trying to deal with that and won’t be able to as the months go on. And so, yeah, I think it could mean that even more drop out, and that means more people lose coverage and are uninsured. 

Kenen: I think there was sort of a general, initial, misleading sigh of relief when in December, when the enrollment figures, the drop wasn’t as bad as some feared. But at the same time, people said: Wait a minute. This doesn’t really count. Signing up isn’t the same thing as staying covered. The drop in January was significant, we now know. And I agree with Anna. I think we don’t know how many more people will decide they can’t afford it. Or we don’t know whether the big drop is January. Probably a lot of it is, because you get that first bill. But can, will more people drop? Probably. We have no way of knowing how many. And it also depends on the economy, right? If more people lose jobs, right now it’s still pretty, kind of still pretty stable, but we don’t know what’s ahead. We don’t know what’s going to happen with the war. We don’t know many, many, many 鈥� we don’t know anything. So the future is mysterious. I would expect it to drop more. I don’t think, I don’t know whether this is the big drop or February will be just as bad. I suspect January will be the biggest. But who knows? It depends on other outside factors. 

Huetteman: We’re also seeing a drop-off in the kind of coverage that people are choosing. That analysis that you referenced, Mac, showed that there was a 17% drop in silver plan membership, with most of those folks switching to bronze plans, which, in other words, that means they switch to plans that have lower monthly premiums but they have higher deductibles. And that means that when you get sick, you owe more, in some cases much more, before your insurance starts picking up the tab. And I think really what this means is people are more exposed to the high charges for medical services, bigger bills when you get sick. I think that 

Kenen: I think that the Republicans were seen as having pushed back a lot of the health impacts of the so-called One Big Beautiful Bill and that it would be after the election. And I and others wrote: No, no, no, no, no. We’re going to see this playing out before the election. This is a really big political red flag, right? This is a lot more people becoming uninsured, which makes other people worried about their insurance and stability. So I think this is definitely going to 鈥� it may not be. There are other things going on in the world. Health care may not be the dominant theme in this year’s election. But yes, this is going to be, the off-year elections are going to be health care elections, like almost every one else has been for鈥� 

Carey: Oh yeah. 

Kenen: 鈥攕ince the Garden of Eden, right? 

Carey: Absolutely, it’s a perennial. All right, we’ll keep our eye on that. That’s this week’s news. Now we’re going to play Julie’s interview with immigration attorney Michelle can arrow, and then we’ll be back with our extra credits. 

Julie Rovner: I am pleased to welcome to the podcast Michelle Canero. Michelle is an immigration attorney from Miami and a member of the board of Immigrants’ List, a bipartisan political action committee focused on immigration reform. Michelle, thanks for joining us. 

Michelle Canero: Thank you for having me. 

Rovner: So, we’ve talked a lot about immigration policy on this podcast over the past year, but I want to look at the big picture. How important to the U.S. health care system are people who originally come from other countries? 

Canero: I think the statistics speak for themselves. One in three residency positions can’t be filled by American graduates alone. That means 33% of these residency positions are being filled by immigrant workers. Twenty-seven percent of physicians are foreign-born. Twenty percent of hospital workers are immigrants. And, at least in Florida, a large percentage of our home health care workers happen to be immigrants. And we depend on this population heavily in the health care sector. 

Rovner: Now, we talk a lot about the Trump administration’s crackdown on illegal immigration, but we talk a little bit less about their sort of messing with the legal immigration system. And there’s a lot going on there, isn’t there? 

Canero: There is. And I think that the campaign talking points were illegal immigration but what we’re actually seeing is a little more sinister. I think that the goal of leadership at the head of DHS [the Department of Homeland Security] and DOS [the State Department], or really Stephen Miller, is pushing something called reverse migration, which is really not about limiting illegal immigration but reducing the immigrant population in the United States. And I think that’s where the real concern is and why you’re seeing these policies that directly affect legal immigrants. 

Rovner: We talk a lot about doctors and nurses and skilled, the top skilled, medical professionals who make up a large chunk of the United States health care workforce. We don’t talk as much about the sort of midlevel professional workers and the support staff. They’re also overwhelmingly immigrant, aren’t they? 

Canero: Yeah, and whether it’s your IT- and technical-knowledge-based workers in hospitals who facilitate all the technology 鈥� we rely on an immigrant workforce for a lot of the technology sector. And then you’ve got research professionals. A lot of clinical researchers, medical researchers, are foreign-born. So it’s not just about the doctors. It’s also the critical staff that keep the hospitals operating. And I’m from Florida. For us, it’s the home health care workers. We have an aging population, and a large percentage of the home health care workers, particularly in Florida, happen to be Haitians on TPS [temporary protected status] or people with asylum work authorizations. And when we lose that, our aging population is left with no resources, because that’s not something AI or technology can fix. You can’t turn someone over in a bed with a robot yet, and we’re probably decades away from that. 

Rovner: So what’s the last year been like for you and your clients? 

Canero: I think it’s a lot of uncertainty. A lot of these policies are percolating, and we’re assuming that they’ll be resolved in litigation, but the damage is being done in real time. So we’re seeing hospitals turning away from hiring foreign workers, because of the H-1B penalty now. The suspension of J-1 processing created backlogs. These visa bans that affect 75 countries on certain visas and 39 countries on others. You’ve got thousands of health care workers that are stuck outside the U.S. So what’s happening, really, is that hospitals and medical providers are just shutting down, and they’re cutting back services, and that means that there are less available services and resources for the same population and the same demand. People are waiting longer for doctor’s appointments. People are finding that they’re not able to get to the specialist that they need to get to in time. And so for us as practitioners, I think, we’re trying to navigate as best we can, but we’re just seeing a lot of people, employers that traditionally would rely on our services, give up and foreign workers looking to go elsewhere. 

Rovner: I noticed during the annual residency match in March that it worked out, I think, fairly well for most graduating medical students. But the big sort of sore thumb that stuck out were international medical graduates. That’s going to impact the pipeline going forward, isn’t it? 

Canero: From what I understand, it takes like seven to 15 years to get to that level, and we just don’t have the student body to meet the demand of residency positions. From my understanding, there’s a gap between American graduates and the demand for residents that’s usually filled by foreign workers. And if we don’t have those foreign workers, those residency positions just don’t get filled. And that becomes more expensive for hospitals, and that transfers to our medical bills. 

Rovner: And people assume that, Oh well this doesn’t impact me. But it really impacts all patients, doesn’t it? And I would think particularly those in rural areas, which are less desirable for U.S.-born and -trained medical professionals and tend to be overrepresented by immigrants. 

Canero: Yeah, I think a lot of the J-1 doctors and H-1B doctors are what facilitate, are working at, our veterans hospitals and our rural medical facilities. And what’s ending up happening is the very same people that this administration touts to support their interests are being forced to travel farther for specialists, right? If there isn’t an endocrinologist in your area, you may have to drive 100 miles to go see that specialist, and you may forgo necessary medical care because of the inconvenience or the cost. And I think that’s hitting at our health. 

Rovner: So you’re on the board of Immigrants’ List, which is working to change things politically. What’s one change that could really make a big difference in what we’re starting to see in terms of immigration and the health care workforce? 

Canero: Well, asking Congress to actually do something. It’s been a problem for decades. So I don’t really know, but I think there’s a couple of things, whether it’s just policymakers supporting our fight against some of these illegal policy changes in courts, organizations supporting us with amicus briefs. For example, there’s a lot of lawsuits challenging these visa bans and these adjudicative holds and the H-1B fine. The more support that the plaintiffs in the litigation get, the more likely we are to resolve that through the court system. And then I hope that there’s enough pressure from hospitals and organizations that have real dollars that impact these elected officials to get them to start seeing, Hey, we need to pass reasonable immigration reform to address some of the loopholes that this administration is using to cause chaos in the system, right? They’re able to do this because we have a gap. We allow them to terminate TPS. We don’t have a structure to ensure that a community that’s been on TPS for 20 years gets grandfathered into some sort of more stable visa. We don’t have a system that precludes the administration from just putting a hold or a visa ban on nationalities. So it’s something that Congress is going to have to step up and do something about. 

Rovner: What worries you most about sort of what’s going on with the immigration system and health care? What keeps you up at night? Obviously you, I know you work on more than just health care. 

Canero: I think my concern is that the American people aren’t seeing what’s happening, or they’re sort of turning a blind eye to it, and by the time it starts to actually impact them and they start asking, Wait, wait, wait. Why is this happening? I don’t understand, it’s going to be too late. Because it’s not hitting their pocket, because it’s not their suffering at this point, they’re not standing up and saying, Hey, this needs to stop, at the level that we need, opposition, to make it stop. And by the time it does hit their pocket and it does affect them directly, I think, it’ll be a little too late. I think people will be scared off from coming here, people that we needed will be gone, and to reverse the system is going to take decades. 

Rovner: Michelle Canero, thanks again. 

Canero: No, you’re very welcome. Thank you for your time. 

Carey: OK, we’re back. Now it’s time for our extra-credit segment, and that’s where we each recognize a story we read this week and we think that you should read it, too. Don’t worry if you miss it. We’ll post the links in our show notes. Joanne, why don’t you start us off this week? 

Kenen: Well, this is by Teddy Rosenbluth in The New York Times. The headline is “” This is one of those stories where you know exactly how it’s going to end in the first paragraph, and yet it was so compellingly and beautifully written that you kept reading until the last word. It is, as the headline suggested, a young man who is an expert on AI and cognitive science named Ben Riley discovered that his father had been lying about a controllable, treatable form of leukemia. He had denied treatment, he’d refused treatment, he had ignored his oncologist because he was relying on AI. And as we all know, AI has its up moments and its down moments. And he was getting incorrect information, distrusted the diagnosis, refused treatment, getting sicker and sicker and sicker as the oncologist and the family got increasingly desperate. And the son, Ben Riley, had, like, skills. He knew how to find scientific evidence, and his father just would not believe it. And by the time his father finally consented to treatment, it was too late, and he did die. And his father was a neuroscientist, a retired neuroscientist, but he found a neuroscience rabbit hole. 

Carey: That’s amazing. Anna, what’s your extra credit? 

Edney: Mine, I’m highlighting a story that I wrote in Bloomberg called “.” And this is, I wanted to dive into this policy that the FDA had implemented. The commissioner has long talked about and felt that perimenopausal and menopausal women were not getting access to the treatments that maybe they really needed, because there had been sort of this two-decade-old study that had showed there were some safety issues regarding breast cancer and cardiovascular disease, but the issue being that those studies had looked at older forms of the medication and also at women who were much older than those who might benefit from taking it. And so they, the agency, asked the companies to remove those warning labels, at least the strongest ones. And what we’ve seen, why 鈥� I wanted to dive into the numbers specifically. Bloomberg has some prescription data that was able to help me out here and just look at when this started rising. You could see that the prescriptions started going up around 2021. I feel like a lot of influencers, a lot of celebrities, were talking about this. And then in 2024 to 2025 when the FDA started talking about this, it really just goes, the prescription numbers just go straight up on the scale. And so there were about 32 million prescriptions written last year, which is a huge increase. And I just dove into some of this, some of the companies, what kind of drugs there are out there, and talked to some women who are benefiting but also, because of this pop, experiencing shortages, because the companies aren’t quite keeping up with the products. 

Carey: Wow, that sounds like an outstanding deep dive. Thank you. Emmarie. 

Huetteman: Yeah, my extra credit is from my colleague at 麻豆女优 Health News who covers health technology. That’s Darius Tahir. The headline is “Your New Therapist: Chatty, Leaky, and Hardly Human.” The story looks at the proliferation of AI chatbot apps that offer mental health and emotional support, particularly the ones that market themselves as, quote-unquote, “therapy apps.” Darius counted 45 such apps in Apple’s App Store last month, and he uncovered in some cases that safety and privacy concerns existed, such as minimal age protections. Fifteen of the apps that he looked at said they could be downloaded by users who were only 4 years old. His story also explored the tension between the risks of sharing sensitive data and the interests of app developers and collecting that data for business purposes. It’s a good read. All right, 

Carey: All right. Thanks so much. My extra credit is from Politico, and it’s written by Alice Miranda Olstein, and she’s a frequent guest here on What the Health? The headline is, quote, “,” close quote. The headline kind of says it all. Alice writes that Nebraska is racing to implement Medicaid work requirements by May 1, and that’s eight months ahead of the national deadline that was set by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. Nebraska state officials plan to do this without hiring additional staff, even as other health departments in other states prepare to bring in dozens, if not hundreds, of new employees. Alice writes that advocates for people on Medicaid fear that this rush timeline and lack of new staff will cause many problems for Medicaid beneficiaries who are just trying to meet those new work requirements. 

All right. That’s this week’s show. Thank you so much for listening. Thanks, as always, to our editor and panelist Emmarie Huetteman, to this week’s producer and engineer, Taylor Cook, and to my 麻豆女优 colleague Richard Ho, who provided technical assistance. A reminder: What the Health? is now available on WAMU platforms, the NPR app, and wherever you get your podcasts, as well as, of course, kffhealthnews.org. Also, as always, you can email us with your comments or questions. We’re at whatthehealth@kff.org. Or you can find me on X, . Joanne, where can people find you these days? 

Kenen: and , @joannekenen. 

Carey: OK. Anna? 

Edney: and and , @annaedney. 

Carey: And Emmarie. 

Huetteman: You can find me on . 

Carey: We’ll be back in your feed next week. Until then, be healthy.