Vince Lahey of Carefree, Arizona, embraces chatbots. From Big Tech products to “shady” ones, they offer “someone that I could share more secrets with than my therapist.”

He especially likes the apps for feedback and support, even though sometimes they berate him or lead him to fight with his ex-wife. “I feel more inclined to share more,” Lahey said. “I don’t care about their perception of me.”

There are a lot of people like Lahey.

Demand for mental health care has grown. Self-reported poor mental health days rose by 25% since the 1990s, analyzing survey data. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide rates in 2022 that hadn’t been seen in nearly 80 years.

There are many patients who find a nonhuman therapist, powered by artificial intelligence, highly appealing — more appealing than a human with a reclining couch and stern manner. with begging for a therapist who’s “not on the clock,” who’s less judgmental, or who’s just less expensive.

Most people who need care don’t get it, said Tom Insel, former head of the National Institute of Mental Health, citing his former agency’s research. Of those who do, 40% receive “minimally acceptable care.”

“There’s a massive need for high-quality therapy,” he said. “We’re in a world in which the status quo is really crappy, to use a scientific term.”

Insel said engineers from OpenAI told him last fall that about 5% to 10% of the company’s then-roughly 800 million-strong user base rely on ChatGPT for mental health support.

Polling suggests these AI chatbots may be even more popular among young adults. A Â鶹ŮÓÅ poll found about 3 in 10 respondents ages 18 to 29 for mental or emotional health advice in the past year. Uninsured adults were about twice as likely as insured adults to report using AI tools. And nearly 60% of adult respondents who used a chatbot for mental health didn’t follow up with a flesh-and-blood professional.

The App Will Put You on the Couch

A burgeoning industry of apps offers AI therapists with human-like, often unrealistically attractive avatars serving as a sounding board for those experiencing anxiety, depression, and other conditions.

Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News identified some 45 AI therapy apps in Apple’s App Store in March. While many charge steep prices for their services — one listed an annual plan for $690 — they’re still generally cheaper than talk therapy, which can cost hundreds of dollars an hour without insurance coverage.

On the App Store, “therapy” is often used as a marketing term, with small print noting the apps cannot diagnose or treat disease. One app, branded as OhSofia! AI Therapy Chat, had downloads in the six figures, said OhSofia! founder Anton Ilin in December.

“People are looking for therapy,” Ilin said. On one hand, the product’s name ; on the other, it warns in that it “does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, treatment, or crisis intervention and is not a substitute for professional healthcare services.” Executives don’t think that’s confusing, since there are disclaimers in the app.

The apps promise big results without backup. its users “immediate help during panic attacks.” it was “proven effective by researchers” and that it offers 2.3 times faster relief for anxiety and stress. (It doesn’t say what it’s faster than.)

There are few legislative or regulatory guardrails around how developers refer to their products — or even whether the products are safe or effective, said Vaile Wright, senior director of the office of health care innovation at the American Psychological Association. Even federal patient privacy protections don’t apply, she said.

“Therapy is not a legally protected term,” Wright said. “So, basically, anybody can say that they give therapy.”

Many of the apps “overrepresent themselves,” said John Torous, a psychiatrist and clinical informaticist at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. “Deceiving people that they have received treatment when they really have not has many negative consequences,” including delaying actual care, he said.

States such as Nevada, Illinois, and California are trying to sort out the regulatory disarray, enacting laws forbidding apps from describing their chatbots as AI therapists.

“It’s a profession. People go to school. They get licensed to do it,” said Jovan Jackson, a Nevada legislator, who co-authored an enacted bill banning apps from referring to themselves as mental health professionals.

Underlying the hype, outside researchers and company representatives themselves have told the FDA and Congress that there’s little evidence supporting the efficacy of these products. What studies there are — and some companion-focused chatbots are “consistently poor” at managing crises.

“When it comes to chatbots, we don’t have any good evidence it works,” said Charlotte Blease, a professor at Sweden’s Uppsala University who specializes in trial design for digital health products.

The lack of “good quality” clinical trials stems from the FDA’s failure to provide recommendations about how to test the products, she said. “FDA is offering no rigorous advice on what the standards should be.”

Department of Health and Human Services spokesperson Emily Hilliard said, in response, that “patient safety is the FDA’s highest priority” and that AI-based products are subject to agency regulations requiring the demonstration of “reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness before they can be marketed in the U.S.”

The Silver-Tongued Apps

Preston Roche, a psychiatry resident who’s , gets lots of questions about whether AI is a good therapist. After trying ChatGPT himself, he said he was “impressed” initially that it was able to use techniques to help him put negative thoughts “on trial.”

But Roche said after seeing posts on social media discussing people developing psychosis or being encouraged to make harmful decisions, he became disillusioned. The bots, he concluded, are sycophantic.

“When I look globally at the responsibilities of a therapist, it just completely fell on its face,” he said.

This sycophancy — the tendency of apps based on large language models to empathize, flatter, or delude their human conversation partner — is inherent to the app design, experts in digital health say.

“The models were developed to answer a question or prompt that you ask and to give you what you’re looking for,” said Insel, the former NIMH director, “and they’re really good at basically affirming what you feel and providing psychological support, like a good friend.”

That’s not what a good therapist does, though. “The point of psychotherapy is mostly to make you address the things that you have been avoiding,” he said.

While polling suggests many users are satisfied with what they’re getting out of ChatGPT and other apps, there have been about the service or encouragement to self-harm.

And or have been filed against OpenAI after ChatGPT users died by suicide or became hospitalized. In most of those cases, the plaintiffs allege they began using the apps for one purpose — like schoolwork — before confiding in them. These cases are being .

Google and the startup Character.ai — which has been funded by Google and has created “avatars” that adopt specific personas, like athletes, celebrities, study buddies, or therapists — are settling other wrongful-death lawsuits, .

OpenAI’s CEO, Sam Altman, has said up to may talk about suicide on ChatGPT.

“We have seen a problem where people that are in fragile psychiatric situations using a model like 4o can get into a worse one,” Altman said in a public question-and-answer session reported by , referring to a particular model of ChatGPT introduced in 2024. “I don’t think this is the last time we’ll face challenges like this with a model.”

An OpenAI spokesperson did not respond to requests for comment.

The company has said it on safeguards, such as referring users to 988, the national suicide hotline. However, the lawsuits against OpenAI argue existing safeguards aren’t good enough, and some research shows the problems are . OpenAI its own data suggesting the opposite.

OpenAI is , offering, early in one case, a variety of defenses ranging from denying that its product caused self-harm to alleging that the defendant misused the product by inducing it to discuss suicide. It has also said it’s working to .

Smaller apps also rely on OpenAI or other AI models to power their products, executives told Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News. In interviews, startup founders and other experts said they worry that if a company simply imports those models into its own service, it might duplicate whatever safety flaws exist in the original product.

Data Risks

Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News’ review of the App Store found listed age protections are minimal: Fifteen of the nearly four dozen apps say they could be downloaded by 4-year-old users; an additional 11 say they could be downloaded by those 12 and up.

Privacy standards are opaque. On the App Store, several apps are described as neither tracking personally identifiable data nor sharing it with advertisers — but on their company websites, privacy policies contained contrary descriptions, discussing the use of such data and their disclosure of information to advertisers, like AdMob.

In response to a request for comment, Apple spokesperson Adam Dema to the company’s App Store policies, which bar apps from using health data for advertising and require them to display information about how they use data in general. Dema did not respond to a request for further comment about how Apple enforces these policies.

Researchers and policy advocates said that sharing psychiatric data with social media firms means patients could be profiled. They could be targeted by dodgy treatment firms or charged different prices for goods based on their health.

Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News contacted several app makers about these discrepancies; two that responded said their privacy policies had been put together in error and pledged to change them to reflect their stances against advertising. (A third, the team at OhSofia!, said simply that they don’t do advertising, though their app’s notes users “may opt out of marketing communications.”)

One executive told Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News there’s business pressure to maintain access to the data.

“My general feeling is a subscription model is much, much better than any sort of advertising,” said Tim Rubin, the founder of Wellness AI, adding that he’d change the description in his app’s privacy policy.

One investor advised him not to swear off advertising, he said. “They’re like, essentially, that’s the most valuable thing about having an app like this, that data.”

“I think we’re still at the beginning of what’s going to be a revolution in how people seek psychological support and, even in some cases, therapy,” Insel said. “And my concern is that there’s just no framework for any of this.”

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Speed, efficiency, and lower costs. Those are the traits artificial intelligence supporters celebrate. But the same qualities worry physicians who fear the technology could lead to insurance denials with humans left out of the loop.

With scant federal regulation, states are left to shape the rules on AI in health care. For residents in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area, a divide is playing out on opposite sides of the Potomac River. Maryland and Virginia have taken very different approaches to regulating AI in health insurance.

Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News correspondent Lauren Sausser joined WAMU’s Health Hub on April 15 to explain why where you live may determine how much of a role AI plays in your coverage.

Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at Â鶹ŮÓÅ—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about .

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But Republican lawmakers in some states think the new rules — part of the GOP’s One Big Beautiful Bill Act, signed last July by President Donald Trump — don’t go far enough.

Indiana is leading that charge, with a new law that requires applicants to prove they’ve been working or participating in a similar activity for three consecutive months to get benefits.

Meanwhile, residents in many other states will have to show they’ve been working just one month, the least cumbersome option under Trump’s signature tax-and-domestic-spending law. It instructs states to decide whether to require one, two, or three months of work history.

As in Indiana, Republican Idaho lawmakers approved a three-month requirement, and the state’s governor signed the bill into law on April 10.

The efforts, along with similar moves in Arizona, Missouri, and Kentucky, are aimed at restricting flexibility to implement the federal law at the state level.

“Normally, you would not see state legislators weighing in on these decisions,” said Lucy Dagneau, a senior official with the American Cancer Society’s advocacy arm.

The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office estimated 18.5 million adults will be subject to the new rules, which will be enforced across 42 states and the District of Columbia. In Indiana, work rules will target about 33% of the state’s Medicaid population. The rules generally wouldn’t apply to children, people 65 or older, or people with disabilities or serious health issues.

Typically, state administrators — not lawmakers — detail how they plan to comply with new federal standards, and they often look to federal regulators for guidance. But officials at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services have yet to tell states how to comply with many aspects of the sweeping budget law, leaving state lawmakers to intervene.

Gov. Mike Braun, a Republican, signed the Indiana bill into law on March 4, making his state the first to set the Medicaid work requirement at three months — the longest period allowed under the federal law.

Republican state Sen. Chris Garten introduced a bill in January, saying it was needed to “align” state law with the new federal Medicaid rules. He also pitched the bill as a way to crack down on “waste, fraud, and abuse” in public programs.

When ineligible people get enrolled, it robs “the truly vulnerable Hoosier who actually needs the help,” Garten said during a January committee hearing.

Democratic state Sen. Fady Qaddoura expressed skepticism during the hearing and questioned the necessity of the legislation. Qaddoura asked Indiana Family and Social Services Administration Secretary Mitch Roob to provide an estimate of the number of ineligible people who enrolled in Medicaid in the state.

“I think very few,” Roob replied. “It’ll never be none.”

After hearing Roob’s answer, Qaddoura said there is no evidence of a widespread problem in Indiana. He accused Republicans of using waste, fraud, and abuse as justification to deny health benefits and food aid to vulnerable Hoosiers.

Garten later called Qaddoura’s accusation a “fundamental mischaracterization” of the bill.

Republicans have said imposing these limits protects the Medicaid program’s longevity.

“We believe in a safety net for our most vulnerable, not a hammock for able-bodied adults that choose not to work,” Garten said. “By tightening these screws, we ensure that our safety net remains sustainable.”

Indiana’s Medicaid enrollment is expected to decrease because of Garten’s legislation, according to an analysis from Indiana’s nonpartisan Legislative Services Agency.

Medicaid helps keep people healthy, so they can continue to work, said Adam Mueller, executive director of the Indiana Justice Project, a nonpartisan legal advocacy organization focusing on health, housing, and food insecurity.

Mueller worries that people will struggle to prove their work history, especially those with nontraditional jobs.

“If the point is to get people engaged, the one month would do it,” Mueller said.

Ultimately, he fears the law will harm Hoosiers with the greatest need for assistance. “They’re going to get tripped up by the bureaucratic hurdles.”

An analysis by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities predicted that work rules will and that how states choose to implement the rules will “significantly affect the number of people who lose coverage.” State policy decisions will determine just “how intense the burden is,” the left-leaning think tank found, and opting for a shorter look-back period “will enable more people to enroll.”

Lawmakers in multiple states considered limits. And the same right-leaning lobbying group, the Foundation for Government Accountability, testified in favor of these measures in Arizona, Indiana, and Missouri.

In Missouri, FGA lobbyist James Harris said the measure intends to “move people from dependency and give them back that dignity and pride of work.”

Missouri state Rep. Darin Chappell proposed requiring a three-month look-back period like the measure in Indiana. But the latest version of the bill he sponsored would require applicants to show they were working for only one month before enrolling.

Chappell, a Republican, said his initiative would encourage a “working mindset.”

Anna Meyer, owner of a small bakery in Columbia, Missouri, said the implication is that she and others on Medicaid are lazy. “I have been working since I was 15 years old,” she said. “I’m 43 now.”

Meyer, who voiced her opposition, said she previously had problems submitting information to the state Medicaid agency. She fears new reporting requirements will put her and others at risk of losing coverage, even if they meet the work rule.

She has fibromyalgia, a chronic condition that increases overall sensitivity to pain. She also has food allergies. Medicaid helps pay for medications and doctor visits that keep her healthy and allow her to keep working.

“I work very hard,” Meyer said.

In St. Louis, Jessica Norton, an OB-GYN, treats many Medicaid patients at an Affinia Healthcare clinic. She said they struggle to remain insured even though Missouri extends a full year of Medicaid coverage to eligible women after they give birth. Some of her patients are inexplicably kicked off that coverage by the time of their checkups six weeks after birth. She fears red tape from the new work requirements will make it harder to hang on to insurance, even though pregnant women and new mothers are supposed to be exempt.

Norton criticized lawmakers for the message this policy sends to vulnerable patients. They are saying, “Oh, actually, health care is a privilege, and you have to earn it,” she said.

of adults ages 19 to 64 on Medicaid already work, according to Â鶹ŮÓÅ. The reason many of the remaining adults on Medicaid are not working is that they are retired, serving as a caregiver, or too sick, Â鶹ŮÓÅ has found.

Some states are not only setting the strictest requirements but also blocking out the optional leniency built into the federal rules.

For example, states may adopt additional exemptions from work rules, such as allowing people to claim a “short-term hardship,” designed to provide continued Medicaid coverage to people with medical conditions that prevent them from working.

Missouri lawmakers are seeking a constitutional amendment to bar their state from offering such optional exemptions. But patient advocates warn these limits would harm the state’s vulnerable residents when they need coverage the most, particularly Missouri’s rural cancer patients.

Often, rural Missouri patients must travel to Kansas City or St. Louis for treatment, disrupting their ability to work, Emily Kalmer, a lobbyist for the American Cancer Society’s advocacy arm, testified at the January hearing. Recognizing this, the federal law provides certain exemptions for this kind of scenario.

But this short-term hardship exemption would be off the table in Missouri.

Time is “very important in the life of a cancer patient or a cancer survivor,” Kalmer said.

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It started building over the summer, fed by news of across Southern California, Trump administration plans to with Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the passage of state and federal restrictions on immigrant Medicaid eligibility. Then in November, the federal government released a new that, if enacted, could block certain immigrants from obtaining permanent legal residency if they or family members have used public benefits, including Medicaid.

Many of González’ clients and their children, often U.S. citizens, still qualify for California’s Medicaid program, known as Medi-Cal, which provides health coverage to over 14 million residents with low incomes or disabilities. But increasingly, they don’t want to enroll or renew their coverage, she said.

“Many people don’t want to apply,” she said. “There are people who say they don’t even want to go outside and water their plants.”

An analysis by Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News found that, from June to December, the latest month for which figures are available, almost 100,000 immigrants without legal status left Medi-Cal, representing about a quarter of all disenrollments in that time frame, even though this group makes up only about 11% of Medi-Cal enrollees.

It marks a reversal in a steady rise in enrollment among immigrants without legal status in California. Until July, sign-ups among this group had risen every month since the state opened Medi-Cal to all low-income residents regardless of immigration status in January 2024.

Tessa Outhyse, a spokesperson for the California Department of Health Care Services, which oversees Medi-Cal, said the enrollment declines can be mostly attributed to the fact that the government restarted eligibility checks that were suspended during the covid-19 pandemic. Indeed, overall Medi-Cal enrollment peaked in May 2023, and has since declined by about 1.6 million.

But two researchers, Leonardo Cuello at Georgetown University’s Center for Children and Families and Susan Babey at the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, pointed out that California and most other states had fully resumed eligibility checks . In other words, that wouldn’t explain why enrollment has fallen precipitously in the last 12 months or so.

What has changed, Cuello said, is that the federal government passed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, and executive orders added more changes that are propelling disenrollment.

Surveys Offer Clues

found immigrant adults nationally, especially parents, to be increasingly avoiding government programs that help pay for food, housing, or health care, to avoid drawing attention to their or a family member’s immigration status. That included lawfully present residents and naturalized citizens. Parental avoidance of these programs is particularly concerning, Cuello said, because about 1 in 4 children in the U.S. have an immigrant parent, even though most of those children were born in the U.S.

Cuello suspects that may help explain a nationwide enrollment drop of almost 3% in Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program during the first 10 months of last year, including a 5.6% drop in enrollment among California children, according to .

During the first Trump administration, the president broadened public charge criteria to allow consideration of Medicaid use and food and housing assistance. That led many citizen children and other household members to they were eligible for. Some the programs even after several courts blocked implementation and Democratic President Joe Biden rescinded the rule.

“It caused a high level of confusion,” said Louise McCarthy, president and CEO of the Community Clinic Association of Los Angeles County, which represents about 70 health centers in the Los Angeles area. “Community health center staff are still working to undo the effects of the first rule.”

Projected Savings

Currently, only people reliant on cash assistance programs or long-term, government-funded institutionalized care may be considered a public charge risk when applying for a visa to enter the country or to become a legal permanent resident. But under the Trump administration’s proposed rule, Medicaid and other noncash programs could be used to determine whether an immigrant is likely to become dependent on the government. Immigration officers would also have more discretion to label people a public charge.

The Department of Homeland Security’s proposal says the changes are needed because the existing rules hamper the agency’s ability to make decisions about an immigrant’s risk of becoming reliant on government resources. A public comment period for the proposal ended in December.

DHS did not respond to a request about when it plans to make a final decision on the rule. The change would “align with long-standing policy that aliens in the United States should be self-reliant and government benefits should not incentivize immigration,” the proposal states.

The agency projected the change could save federal and state governments almost $9 billion annually from people disenrolling from or forgoing enrollment in public benefit programs.

A of the proposed rule estimated it could result in 1.3 to 4 million people disenrolling from Medicaid or CHIP, including as many as 1.8 million citizen children.

“It’s clearly being weaponized to create fear and anxiety,” said Benyamin Chao, supervising health and public benefits policy manager at the California Immigrant Policy Center. He called the proposal part of an “assault on lawfully present immigrants and U.S. citizens who are family members, and just the general community.”

Public charge fears are expected to decrease enrollment also in anti-hunger programs, such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, known in California as CalFresh. Mark Lowry, who heads the Orange County Food Bank, said that that — along with disenrollment related to the One Big Beautiful Bill Act — could overwhelm food pantries, since federal nutrition programs account for the vast majority of food aid.

“There’s no way that the emergency food system has the capacity or resources to address those needs,” he said.

Health Care Needs

Fear of Medi-Cal enrollment doesn’t extend to all immigrants. Juana Zaragoza manages a program in Oxnard that helps mostly Indigenous Mexican farmworkers sign up for Medi-Cal. Overall enrollment and reenrollment has remained steady over the past few months, she said. Neither she nor the community members she serves know much about the public charge proposal, she added.

Often, any concerns they have are outweighed by an immediate need for health care.

“We encounter a lot of people who are balancing: what benefits me now and what benefits me later,” she said. “Some just want to cover their needs in the moment.”

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Para reducir costos, muchos cambiaron a planes de salud con deducibles altos. Estos planes ofrecen pagos mensuales más bajos, pero los pacientes pueden enfrentar gastos altos de su propio bolsillo cuando necesitan atención médica.

Estos planes son bastante comunes. En 2023, el 30% de las personas que obtenían seguro a través de su empleador tenían un plan con deducible alto, frente a solo el 4% en 2006.

Madison Burgess, una maestra de escuela primaria de San Diego, tiene seguro de salud a través de su trabajo. Pero cuando evaluó agregar a su esposo a su plan, resultó demasiado costoso, así que empezó a buscar en el mercado una opción más económica para él.

Cuanto más revisaba las opciones de planes, más abrumador le parecía. La jerga de los seguros hacía difícil entender cuánto tendría que pagar su familia si su esposo se enfermaba. (La prima es el pago mensual de tu póliza y el deducible es lo que debes pagar de tu bolsillo antes que la aseguradora comience a pagar. Generalmente los planes con primas bajas tienen deducibles altos, y viceversa).

“No sabía qué era un deducible, así que elegí lo que era barato, y ahora me arrepiento”, dijo.

A cambio de esa prima mensual más baja, la cobertura de su esposo no comenzará a pagar la mayoría de los servicios hasta que hayan gastado $5.800 en facturas médicas. Burgess no sabía que debía cumplir con el deducible antes de que el seguro cubriera parte de los gastos.

¿Cómo prepararse para pagar miles de dólares por adelantado?

Una opción es una cuenta de ahorros para la salud (HSA, por sus siglas en inglés), que permite ahorrar dinero antes de impuestos y ahora está disponible para personas inscritas en planes de menor nivel en los mercados estatales y federales, incluidos los planes bronce y de cobertura catastrófica. Estos planes suelen tener las primas más bajas en el mercado, pero los costos más altos del propio bolsillo cuando se necesita atención.

Burgess eligió un plan Bronce y no sabía que las HSA eran una opción.

“Nunca había pensado en tener que ahorrar dinero para un deducible”, dijo.

Burgess y otras personas suelen estar más preocupadas por ahorrar para gastos inesperados como reparaciones del auto, de la casa o del veterinario.

Si, como Burgess, elegiste una cobertura de salud más económica para este año y luego te diste cuenta de que debes cubrir un deducible alto, estos consejos pueden ayudar a prepararte.

1. Podrías calificar para una HSA y no saberlo.Si estás inscrito en un plan Bronce o en uno catastrófico, calificas para abrir una cuenta de ahorros para la salud. Es como una alcancía médica con beneficios fiscales. Depositas dinero antes de impuestos, lo que reduce tu ingreso gravable. El dinero crece libre de impuestos y, cuando lo usas para , esas transacciones también están libres de impuestos. A esto se le llama una “triple ventaja fiscal”.

Estas cuentas crean un fondo para futuros gastos de salud, como visitas al doctor, medicamentos recetados e incluso productos como medicinas sin receta, tampones y protector solar.

Por lo general, el dinero no puede usarse para pagar primas mensuales, pero la cuenta es tuya y puedes usarla para gastos médicos calificados para tí, tu cónyuge o tus dependientes en cualquier momento en el futuro. El dinero sigue siendo tuyo, incluso si cambias de trabajo o de plan de salud.

Una HSA no es lo mismo que una cuenta de gastos flexibles (FSA por sus siglas en inglés). Las FSA también tienen beneficios fiscales, pero solo se ofrecen a través de empleadores. El dinero vence cada año y pierdes cualquier saldo restante cuando dejas ese trabajo.

1. ¿Te interesa una HSA? Así puedes abrir una.Puedes abrir una cuenta de ahorros para la salud a través de un banco u otra institución financiera. La institución te dará una tarjeta de débito para hacer pagos desde la HSA.

Puedes en cualquier momento del año siempre que tengas un plan elegible. Puedes elegir dónde abrir la cuenta, pero revisa si hay cargos y compara opciones.

Si obtienes seguro a través de tu trabajo, tu empleador puede exigir que uses una compañía específica aprobada por el Servicio de Impuestos Internos (IRS, por sus siglas en inglés).

Muchas personas creen que no pueden aportar dinero a una HSA. Para algunos hogares, la necesidad de ahorrar para gastos médicos compite con la de pagar la renta y comprar alimentos.

Pero hay un detalle que puede hacerlo más manejable: las contribuciones no tienen que ser grandes. Incluso unos pocos dólares al mes pueden ser un comienzo.

Sin embargo, hay un límite. El IRS establece un tope anual sobre cuánto puedes aportar a una HSA. En 2026, el límite es de $4.400 para una persona, o $8.750 para un plan familiar. Dentro de ese límite, tú decides cuánto aportar.

1. Los servicios preventivos deben estar cubiertos sin costo.Todos los planes vendidos en los mercados deben cubrir sin costo para el paciente, siempre que la atención sea dentro de la red. Estos servicios incluyen vacunas de rutina y pruebas de detección de cáncer.

Más allá de la atención preventiva, entender cuánto cuestan distintos servicios puede ayudarte a decidir qué tipo de consulta médica es mejor para tus necesidades y tu presupuesto. Por ejemplo, algunos planes cobran menos por una consulta de telemedicina que por ver a tu doctor en persona.

Revisa el de tu plan para más detalles.

1. Busca atención temprano en el año.La mayoría de los deducibles reinician el 1 de enero. Programar citas o cirugías temprano en el año puede ser estratégico si descubres una afección que requiere atención continua. Si puedes pagarlo, cumplir con el deducible antes puede hacer que el resto del año sea mucho más económico, dijo Caitlin Donovan, directora senior en la Patient Advocate Foundation.
2. Considera pagar en efectivo en lugar de usar el deducible.Algunos hospitales, clínicas u otros proveedores ofrecen precios más bajos si pagas en efectivo. Tienes derecho a recibir y una explicación de cuánto costaría un servicio de salud si pagas de tu bolsillo. Pide ese cálculo antes de recibir atención. Luego compáralo con lo que te dice tu aseguradora que costaría si usas tu seguro. Si decides pagar en efectivo, deberás hacerlo en el consultorio antes de que se envíen los cargos a tu aseguradora.

Pagar en efectivo puede ahorrarte dinero, pero generalmente ese monto no contará para tu deducible ni para el máximo de gastos de tu bolsillo.

“Si no crees que vas a alcanzar tu deducible —eres joven y tu deducible es de $10.000—, negocia el precio en efectivo”, aconsejó Donovan.

1. ¿Tienes un plan de la Ley de Cuidado de Salud a Bajo Precio (ACA)? Actualiza tus ingresos y usa una HSA para evitar sorpresas fiscales.Si tienes un plan de ACA y eres elegible para subsidios, ten en cuenta lo siguiente: si y no actualizas tu solicitud en el mercado, podrías deber miles de dólares al momento de declarar impuestos. La : reporta aumentos de salario, nuevos trabajos o ingresos adicionales cuando ocurran. Si tus ingresos aumentan, ahorrar dinero en una HSA puede ayudar, ya que ese dinero no cuenta como ingreso gravable.

Cuando reportas un aumento en tus ingresos, eso puede significar primas más altas (si ya no calificas para el mismo subsidio), pero los expertos dicen que es mejor pagar más ahora que enfrentar una gran factura después.

“Uno de los mayores problemas que veo es que alguien queda desempleado, se inscribe en un plan diciendo que no tiene ingresos, luego consigue trabajo y no lo reporta, y termina con una gran deuda de impuestos al final”, dijo Donovan.

Por eso, Donovan recomienda actualizar tu perfil en el mercado tan pronto como cambien tus ingresos, lo que también podría hacer que califiques para Medicaid o para un plan que cubra una mayor parte de tus gastos médicos.

Taylor Cook contribuyó con este artículo.

Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at Â鶹ŮÓÅ—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about .

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Otros conductores se detuvieron, rompieron la ventana del auto y lo llevaron a un lugar seguro. Un bombero voluntario que pasaba por allí le practicó reanimación cardiopulmonar hasta que llegó una ambulancia que trasladó a Masterson al hospital UPMC Mercy.

Pasó 18 días en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI), 14 de ellos conectado a un ventilador. Desarrolló delirio, una condición común en terapia intensiva, y necesitó medicamentos antisicóticos. A pesar de tener una sonda de alimentación, perdió peso. “Sinceramente, no estábamos seguros de que fuera a sobrevivir”, dijo Ron Dedes, su cuñado.

Pero sobrevivió. Masterson fue dado de alta el 1 de febrero y regresó a casa con apoyo familiar casi constante. Trabajando con varios tipos de terapeutas, ha recuperado la capacidad de caminar, aunque aún tiene debilidad, y puede ocuparse de su cuidado personal. Su habla, que antes era confusa, ha mejorado notablemente. Puede prepararse un sándwich.

Ahora, “nuestra mayor preocupación es su memoria”, dijo Dedes. Masterson, quien hasta hace poco manejaba asuntos legales complejos, olvida conversaciones y eventos que ocurrieron unas horas antes, explicó Patti Dedes, su hermana. Aún no puede usar un microondas ni hacer una llamada telefónica.

En una entrevista, se describió a sí mismo, con precisión, como “mucho, mucho mejor de lo que estaba”, pero se equivocó al decir su edad. Las pruebas de evaluación tras el alta indicaron deterioro cognitivo y depresión.

Entre los médicos de cuidados críticos, los síntomas prolongados como los suyos se conocen como “síndrome post-cuidados intensivos” o PICS (por sus siglas en inglés). Las secuelas pueden ser físicas o psicológicas, además de cognitivas, y pueden durar meses o años.

son admitidas cada año en terapias intensivas en unos 5.000 hospitales en Estados Unidos, y las investigaciones muestran que secundarios. La edad avanzada aumenta las probabilidades.

Los pacientes y sus familias suelen sorprenderse por estas dificultades persistentes. “La creencia es que saldrán del hospital y en dos o tres semanas volverán a la normalidad”, dijo Brad Butcher, quien fue el doctor de Masterson y en la revista médica JAMA. “Eso no se corresponde con la realidad”.

De hecho, con un mayor uso de las UCI y mejores tratamientos, la población que puede enfrentar este síndrome está creciendo. La Sociedad de Medicina de Cuidados Críticos (Society of Critical Care Medicine, SCCM) estima que a la terapia intensiva.

“Todos están agradecidos de que el paciente haya sobrevivido”, dijo Lauren Ferrante, doctora en cuidados críticos pulmonares e investigadora en la Facultad de Medicina de Yale (Yale School of Medicine). “Pero ese es solo el comienzo de un largo camino de recuperación”. En un estudio de pacientes de 70 años o más, del que fue coautora, dentro de los seis meses posteriores al alta solo alrededor de la mitad .

Los pacientes de cuidados intensivos enfrentan . Los síntomas del PICS van —debilidad, dolor, neuropatía (hormigueo en brazos y piernas) y desnutrición— , principalmente ansiedad y depresión. Las como las de Masterson son comunes, incluidos problemas de memoria, atención y concentración, y lenguaje.

“Para muchas personas, sobrevivir a una enfermedad crítica es una experiencia que cambia la vida”, afirmó Butcher. Los pacientes en cuidados intensivos después de cirugías de emergencia o programadas también presentan físicos, mentales y cognitivos un año después.

Los mismos tratamientos intensivos que salvan vidas contribuyen al síndrome. Los pacientes en cuidados intensivos “tienen algún tipo de falla grave de órganos que requiere atención inmediata” y monitoreo constante, explicó Carla Sevin, doctora en cuidados críticos pulmonares que dirige el Centro de Recuperación de UCI en el Centro Médico de la Universidad de Vanderbilt.

Eso puede implicar un tubo de respiración conectado a un ventilador, lo que a su vez suele requerir medicamentos sedantes. La sedación “puede provocar delirio, y el delirio es el factor clave en los síntomas cognitivos”, dijo Butcher.

Tampoco ayuda que los pitidos constantes de los monitores y la iluminación brillante las 24 horas interrumpan el sueño, ni que las restricciones en las visitas familiares priven a los pacientes de rostros y voces tranquilizadoras.

Gregory Matthews, un contador jubilado en St. Petersburg, Florida, pasó casi un mes en una UCI tras un trasplante de pulmón en 2014. Aún recuerda con claridad sus alucinaciones, incluidas imágenes de ratones corriendo por la pared y alguien intentando incriminarlo por tráfico de drogas.

“Un día, pensé que un doctor era un asesino; podía ver el rifle”, dijo Matthews, ahora de 80 años. “Así que salté de la cama”, contó, y se arrancó las vías intravenosas. El personal tuvo que sujetarle los brazos durante varios días.

Pero la inmovilización también tiene consecuencias, ya que los pacientes pierden rápidamente masa muscular y fuerza. “Nuestros cuerpos no están hechos para estar acostados todo el día”, señaló Ferrante.

En el plano psicológico, “el trastorno de estrés postraumático es bastante común, similar al que se observa en veteranos de combate o sobrevivientes de agresión sexual”, dijo Sevin. Las familias también pueden sufrir ansiedad y depresión junto con los pacientes.

Alarmados por estos hallazgos, médicos y administradores de unos 35 hospitales en Estados Unidos han establecido , donde equipos de doctores, enfermeros, farmacéuticos, terapeutas (físicos, ocupacionales, cognitivos, del habla) y trabajadores sociales evalúan múltiples condiciones y ayudan a los pacientes a enfrentarlas.

La clínica de Vanderbilt atendió a su primer paciente en 2012. El Centro de Recuperación de Enfermedades Críticas del Centro Médico de la Universidad de Pittsburgh —fundado por Butcher en 2018— trabaja con unos 100 pacientes al año, incluido Masterson. Yale abrió su clínica en 2022.

Estas clínicas aplican seis prácticas recomendadas por la Sociedad de Medicina de Cuidados Críticos que han demostrado reducir de forma significativa los . Las medidas incluyen usar sedación más ligera, hacer que los pacientes se levanten y se muevan antes, evaluar su respiración diariamente para retirar el ventilador más pronto y eliminar restricciones en las visitas familiares.

Las clínicas suelen ofrecer grupos de apoyo para pacientes y familias. Hay evidencia de que llevar un diario de la UCI, en el que pacientes y cuidadores registran sus experiencias, y participar en ejercicio y rehabilitación física después del alta.

También se abordan conversaciones sobre qué otras opciones preferirían los pacientes si enfrentan otra enfermedad crítica, como ocurre con muchos. ¿Aceptarían nuevamente cuidados intensivos y el riesgo de sus secuelas? ¿O elegirían cuidados paliativos, que priorizan la comodidad en lugar de la curación? Algunos pacientes quedan con discapacidades permanentes después de la UCI.

Butcher, aunque señaló que estas nuevas prácticas deben ampliarse mucho más, se mostró optimista sobre el futuro de los cuidados críticos. “Vamos a encontrar mejores herramientas de diagnóstico, mejores estrategias de prevención y mejores tratamientos”, dijo.

Por ahora, sin embargo, la experiencia en la UCI sigue siendo desorientadora y a veces traumática. Cuando Butcher preguntó a 117 pacientes en su clínica post-UCI sobre qué harían en el futuro, muchos querían poner límites a las intervenciones médicas.

Alrededor de un tercio preferiría reducir el nivel de atención agresiva. De ellos, cerca de una cuarta parte optaría por órdenes de “no resucitar” y “no intubar”, y casi el 7% dijo que no querría volver nunca a una UCI.

Masterson sigue trabajando en su recuperación. “No he salido mucho”, dijo. “He estado más bien en casa”. Espera recuperar la fuerza suficiente para volver a correr; antes solía correr entre 3 y 4 millas varias veces por semana.

El futuro de los pacientes con síndrome post-UCI suele depender de su estado físico, mental y cognitivo antes de la hospitalización. La buena condición física previa de Masterson y su trabajo exigente a nivel cognitivo son factores positivos para su recuperación, señaló Butcher.

Su familia oscila entre la esperanza y la preocupación. “Quién sabe cómo estará más adelante”, dijo Dede, su cuñado. “Vamos día a día”.

“The New Old Age” se produce en colaboración con .

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An elementary school teacher chose a low-price health insurance plan but soon realized she wasn’t clear about what it would mean for her family’s finances.

“Once I got the insurance card, I compared our old plan to our new plan, and that’s when I really got worried, because I didn’t really understand what a deductible was. It got me thinking, how do I use this insurance?”

— Madison Burgess, 31, of San Diego

When enhanced federal subsidies expired at the end of 2025, a lot of people buying their own health insurance on the state and federal exchanges saw their expected monthly rates jump. To keep costs down, many switched to a high-deductible health plan. These plans offer lower monthly payments, but in exchange patients can face steep out-of-pocket costs when they need care.

The plans are pretty common. In 2023, 30% of people who got insurance through their employer had a high-deductible plan, up from only 4% in 2006.

Madison Burgess, a teacher in San Diego, gets health insurance through her teaching job. But when she investigated adding her husband to her plan, it was just too expensive, so she started shopping on the exchange for a cheaper option for him.

The longer she scrolled through the plan options, the more overwhelming it felt. Insurance jargon made it hard to tell what her family would owe if her husband got sick.

“I didn’t know what a deductible was, so I just went with what was cheap, and now I have regret,” she said.

In exchange for that lower monthly premium payment, her husband’s coverage won’t kick in for most care until they’ve paid $5,800 in medical bills. Burgess didn’t know that the deductible must be met before insurance picks up part of the tab.

Deductible:

The amount you as the patient have to pay before insurance picks up part of the tab

Premium:

The monthly bill for your policy, paid to the insurance company

How do you prepare for thousands of dollars in upfront costs? One option is a health savings account, or HSA, which lets you save pretax money and is now available to people enrolled in lower-tier state and federal exchange plans, including bronze and catastrophic coverage. These plans generally have the lowest premiums on the exchange but the highest out-of-pocket costs when you need care.

Burgess had chosen a bronze plan and didn’t know HSAs were an option.

“I’ve never thought about having to put money away for a deductible,” she said.

Burgess and others are often more worried about socking away money for unexpected car and house repairs or vet bills.

If, like Burgess, you chose cheaper health coverage for this year only to discover you’re on the hook for meeting a high deductible, these tips can help you prepare.

1. You might qualify for an HSA and not know it.

If you’re enrolled in a bronze or catastrophic plan, you qualify to open a health savings account. Think of it as a medical piggy bank with tax perks. You put in pretax money, which lowers your taxable income. The money grows tax-free, and when you spend it on , those transactions are also tax-free. That’s what people call a “triple tax advantage.”

These accounts build a cushion for future health costs, such as doctor visits, prescriptions, and even products like over-the-counter medicine, tampons, and sunscreen.

The money typically can’t be used for monthly premiums, but the account is yours to use for qualified medical expenses for yourself, your spouse, or your dependents anytime in the future. The money in the account is yours, even if you change jobs or health plans.

An HSA is not the same as a flexible spending account, or FSA. FSAs are tax-advantaged too but are offered only through employers. The money expires annually and you lose any remaining money when you leave that job.

2. HSA-curious? Here’s how to open one.

You open a health savings account through a bank or other financial institution. The institution will issue you a debit card so you can make purchases from the HSA.

You can at any point during the year as long as you’re covered by an eligible plan. You can choose where to open the account, but be sure to check for any fees financial institutions charge and shop around.

If you get insurance through your job, your employer may require you to use a specific IRS-approved company.

Many people decide they can’t afford to contribute to an HSA. For some households, the desire to set aside money for medical expenses competes with the need to pay rent and buy groceries.

But there’s a detail that can make it feel more manageable. Contributions don’t have to be large. Just a few dollars a month can get you started.

There is, however, a limit. The IRS sets an annual cap on how much you’re allowed to contribute to an HSA. In 2026, an individual is limited to $4,400, or $8,750 for a family plan. Under that ceiling, the amount is up to you.

3. Preventive services should be covered at no cost to you.

All plans sold on marketplaces must cover at no cost to the patient as long as the care is provided in-network. Those services include routine immunizations and cancer screenings.

Beyond preventive care, understanding what different services cost can help you decide which type of medical appointment works best for your health needs and your wallet. For example, some plans charge less for a telehealth visit than to see your primary care doctor in person.

Check out your for more details.

4. Seek care early in the year.

Most deductibles reset on Jan. 1. Scheduling appointments or surgeries early in the year can be strategic if you discover a condition that requires ongoing care. If you can afford it, meeting your deductible sooner can make the rest of the year significantly cheaper, said Caitlin Donovan, a senior director at the Patient Advocate Foundation.

5. Consider paying cash instead of spending down your deductible.

Some hospitals, clinics, or other providers offer cheaper prices if you pay cash. You have the and explanation of how much a health service would cost if you paid out-of-pocket. Ask for the estimate before you get care. Then, compare that price with what your insurance company tells you it would cost if you used your insurance. If you decide to go with a cash payment, you’ll need to pay while you’re still at the doctor’s office, before charges get submitted to your insurance company.

Paying cash may save you money, but the amount you pay generally won’t count toward your deductible or out-of-pocket maximum.

“If you don’t think you’re ever going to hit your deductible — you’re that young invincible, and your deductible is $10,000 — negotiate the cash price,” Donovan said.

6. On an ACA plan? Update your income and use an HSA to avoid a tax surprise.

If you’re on an ACA plan and you’re eligible for subsidies, be aware: If your and you don’t update your marketplace application, you could owe thousands of dollars at tax time. The . Report raises, new jobs, or side gigs as they happen. If your income goes up, stashing money in an HSA can help because the money you put in the account doesn’t count toward your taxable income.

As soon as you report an increase in your income, that could mean higher premiums (if you no longer qualify for the same subsidy), but experts say it’s better to pay now than owe a big bill that you have to pay all at once.

“One of the biggest problems I see is someone is newly unemployed and they sign up for coverage, they say that they’re not making any money, and then eventually they get a job and don’t report it, and then they have this huge tax bill at the end,” Donovan said.

She advises updating your marketplace profile as soon as your income changes, which could newly qualify you for Medicaid or a plan that contributes more toward your medical bills.

Taylor Cook contributed to this report.

Health Care Helpline helps you navigate the health system hurdles between you and good care. Send us your tricky question and we may tap a policy sleuth to puzzle it out. Share your story. The crowdsourced project is a joint production of NPR and Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News.

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In a humbling exercise, employees were waiting to test whether their entry badges still worked at the Department of Health and Human Services — or whether they’d be walked back out by security because they were among the 10,000 unlucky ones whose jobs had suddenly been eliminated.

I thought back to that day recently as I researched and reported on a significant, under-the-radar proposal from the Office of Personnel Management, which oversees federal workers. 

According to a  in December, OPM is seeking personally identifiable medical and pharmaceutical claims information on federal employees and retirees, as well as their family members, who are enrolled in the Federal Employees Health Benefits or Postal Service Health Benefits programs. Just over 8 million Americans get coverage through such plans.

Right now, 65 insurance companies maintain data the agency wants, including information on prescriptions, diagnoses, and treatments. That would put a tremendous amount of personal information about federal employees in the hands of an administration that has earned a reputation for taking  against some workers and sharing sensitive data across agencies as part of its immigration and fraud crackdowns.  

My colleague Maia Rosenfeld and I wanted to know what lawyers and ethicists who work on health policy issues think about this proposal.  

On the one hand, sources told us, this sort of detailed data could be used by the federal government to improve the largest employer-sponsored health insurance system in the country. 

But doubts about the Trump administration’s motives percolated through every conversation we had. 

“The concern here is the more information they have, they could use it to discipline or target people who are not cooperating politically,” Sharona Hoffman, a health law ethicist at Case Western Reserve University, told me.  

And, though the notice states that insurers are legally permitted to disclose “protected health information” to the agency for “oversight,” Hoffman and others raised questions about OPM’s access to such a sweeping database of medical records under federal health privacy laws.  

Insurance companies — several of which declined to comment — would have to provide monthly reports to OPM with data on their members. One insurer, CVS Health, said in a public comment that insurers would be breaking the law by providing the information for OPM’s “vague and broad general purposes.” The association that represents many of those companies also has voiced objections to the proposal, which has not yet been finalized.  

OPM spokespeople did not respond to our repeated requests for comment.

Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at Â鶹ŮÓÅ—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about .

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Other drivers stopped, broke the car window, and pulled him to safety. A passing volunteer firefighter performed CPR until an ambulance arrived to take Masterson to UPMC Mercy hospital.

He spent 18 days in the medical intensive care unit there, 14 of them on a ventilator. He developed delirium, a common ICU condition, and needed antipsychotic drugs. Despite a feeding tube, he lost weight. “We honestly weren’t confident that he would pull through,” said Ron Dedes, his brother-in-law.

But he did. Masterson was discharged Feb. 1 and returned home with near-constant family support. Working diligently with several kinds of therapists, he has regained his ability to walk, despite lingering weakness, and to manage his personal care. His once-garbled speech has markedly improved. He can make himself a sandwich.

Now, “our biggest concern is his memory,” Dedes said. Masterson, who so recently handled complex legal matters, forgets conversations and events that happened a few hours earlier, said Patti Dedes, his sister. He can’t yet operate a microwave or place a phone call.

In an interview, he described himself, accurately, as “much, much better than I was” — but misstated his age. Screening tests after his discharge indicated cognitive impairment and depression.

Among critical-care doctors, prolonged symptoms like his are known as “post-intensive care syndrome,” or PICS. The fallout can be physical or psychological, as well as cognitive, and can persist for months or years.

More than are admitted to intensive care across about 5,000 American hospitals, and research shows that . Older age increases the odds.

Patients and families are often startled by these continuing difficulties. “The belief is that they’ll be discharged from the hospital and in two or three weeks, they’ll be back to normal,” said Brad Butcher, who was Masterson’s doctor and in the medical journal JAMA. “That doesn’t comport with reality.”

In fact, with greater ICU use and improved treatments — the Society of Critical Care Medicine estimates that their stays — the population likely to encounter the syndrome is growing.

“Everyone is grateful that the patient has survived,” said Lauren Ferrante, a pulmonary critical-care doctor and researcher at the Yale School of Medicine. “But that’s just the start of a long road to recovery.” In a study of patients 70 and older that she co-authored, within six months after discharge only about half had .

Intensive care patients face a . PICS symptoms — weakness, pain, neuropathy (tingling in arms and legs), and malnutrition — to , primarily anxiety and depression. like Masterson’s are commonplace, including problems with memory, attention and concentration, and language.

“For many people, surviving a critical illness is a life-altering experience,” Butcher said. Patients in intensive care after emergency or elective surgery also of new physical, mental, and cognitive problems a year later.

The same aggressive treatments that save lives contribute to the syndrome. Intensive care patients “have some sort of dramatic organ failure that requires immediate attention” and constant monitoring, explained Carla Sevin, a pulmonary critical-care doctor who directs the ICU Recovery Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.

That could mean a breathing tube attached to a ventilator, which in turn often requires sedating drugs. Sedation “can precipitate delirium, and delirium is the key factor in cognitive symptoms,” Butcher said.

It doesn’t help that constant beeps and alarms from monitors and round-the-clock bright lighting disrupt sleep, and that restrictive family visiting hours deprive patients of reassuring faces and voices.

Gregory Matthews, a retired accountant in St. Petersburg, Florida, spent nearly a month in an ICU after a lung transplant in 2014. He still vividly remembers his hallucinations, including mice running across the wall and someone trying to frame him for drug running.

“One day, I thought a doctor was an assassin — I could see the rifle,” said Matthews, now 80. “So I jumped out of bed,” he said, and yanked out his IVs. The staff put his arms in restraints for days.

But immobilization exacts its own toll as patients quickly lose muscle mass and strength. “Our bodies were not meant to lie in bed all day,” Ferrante said.

Psychologically, “PTSD is pretty common, similar to what’s seen in combat veterans or sexual assault survivors,” Sevin said, referring to post-traumatic stress disorder. Families can suffer anxiety and depression along with the patients.

Alarmed by such discoveries, doctors and administrators at about 35 U.S. hospitals have established , where teams of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, therapists (physical, occupational, cognitive, speech), and social workers screen for a host of conditions and help guide patients through them.

Vanderbilt’s clinic saw its first patient in 2012. The Critical Illness Recovery Center at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, which Butcher founded in 2018, works with about 100 patients a year, including Masterson. Yale opened its clinic in 2022.

They rely on six practices recommended by the Society of Critical Care Medicine that are shown to . The measures call for changes such as using lighter sedation, getting patients up and moving earlier, testing their breathing daily to wean them from ventilators sooner, and removing restrictions on family visiting.

Clinics often offer support groups for patients and families. There’s evidence that keeping an ICU diary, in which patients and caregivers record their experiences, and engaging in exercise and physical rehabilitation after discharge.

Also on the clinics’ agenda: discussions of what other options patients might prefer if they face another critical illness, as many do. Would they agree to undergo intensive care and risk its aftereffects again? Or choose palliative care, which emphasizes comfort rather than cure? Some post-ICU patients remain permanently impaired.

Butcher, although he said that the use of the new practices needed to expand dramatically, sounded optimistic about the future of critical care. “We’re going to find better diagnostic tools, better preventive strategies, and better therapies,” he said.

For now, though, the ICU experience remains disorienting and sometimes traumatic. When Butcher asked 117 patients in his post-ICU clinic those next-time questions, many wanted to place limits on further medical interventions.

About a third would want to lower the level of aggressive care. Of those, about a quarter would want “do not resuscitate” and “do not intubate” orders, and almost 7% said they never wanted to return to an ICU.

Masterson is working hard to further his recovery. “I haven’t been out and about much,” he said. “I’ve been kind of homebound.” He hopes to get strong enough to resume running — he used to log 3 to 4 miles several times a week.

The future for patients contending with post-ICU syndrome often depends on their physical, mental, and cognitive health before their admission. Masterson’s previous fitness and cognitively demanding work bode well for his further progress, Butcher said.

His family remains alternatively hopeful and worried. “Down the road, what’s it going to be like?” Dedes, his brother-in-law, wondered. “We just take it day by day.”

The New Old Age is produced through a partnership with .

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Even the Trump administration is testing AI’s usefulness in managing the prior authorization process for the Medicare program, as well as seeking to override AI regulation by states.

But class action lawsuits have accused insurers of using AI to wrongfully withhold treatment. And outlines the risks of training AI on a current system rife with wrongful denials.

“There is a world in which using AI could make that worse, or at least replicate a bad human system, because the data that it would be training on is from that bad human system,” said Michelle Mello, a co-author of the study.

Although, Mello said, the research team found “real positives alongside the risks.”

In this video produced by Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News’ Hannah Norman, Darius Tahir, a correspondent covering health technology, explains.

You can read Tahir’s recent coverage of AI’s use by health insurers below:

• “Red and Blue States Alike Want To Limit AI in Insurance. Trump Wants To Limit the States,” by Darius Tahir and Lauren Sausser.
• “AI Will Soon Have a Say in Approving or Denying Medicare Treatments,” by Lauren Sausser and Darius Tahir.

Â鶹ŮÓÅ Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at Â鶹ŮÓÅ—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about .

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This story can be republished for free (details).